Olfactory Identification in Elderly Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s Disease

Moberg, Paul J.; Doty, Richard L.; Mahr, Richard N.; Mesholam, Raquelle I.; Arnold, Steven E.; Turetsky, Bruce I.; Gur, Raquel E.

doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00015-8

Cited by 61 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…As we have already noted, behavioral olfactory deficits are not unique to schizophrenia (Moberg et al, 1997;Doty et al, 1988). However, to the extent that these electrophysiological measures are independent of higher cognitive processes, they are likely to be more specific indicators of selective olfactory deficits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Olfactory physiological impairment in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients

Turetsky

Kohler

Gur

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Research

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Background-Efforts to characterize genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia are increasingly focused on the identification of endophenotypes -neurobiological abnormalities that are evident in individuals at risk. Behavioral studies have demonstrated olfactory impairments in odor detection and identification in unaffected 1 st -degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, suggesting that abnormalities in this simple sensory system may serve as candidate endophenotypes. It is unclear, however, whether these behavioral abnormalities reflect basic olfactory sensory processing deficits or nonspecific disruptions of attention and cognition.Method-Unirhinal chemosensory olfactory evoked potentials were acquired from 14 unaffected 1 st -degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy individuals with equivalent age and gender distributions, using 3 different concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. Subjects were also assessed behaviorally for ability to detect and identify odors.Results-Family members exhibited left nostril olfactory detection impairments and bilateral olfactory identification abnormalities. They had reduced evoked potential response amplitudes for the initial N1 component in the left nostril. The subsequent P2 evoked potential response was reduced bilaterally. The pattern and magnitude of family member deficits were comparable to those previously observed for schizophrenia patients.Conclusion-1 st -degree relatives of schizophrenia patients exhibit specific neurophysiological impairments in early olfactory sensory processing. The presence of these neurophysiological abnormalities in both schizophrenia patients and their unaffected 1 st -degree relatives suggests that these represent genetically mediated vulnerability markers or endophenotypes of the illness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Olfactory physiological impairment in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients

Turetsky

Kohler

Gur

et al. 2008

Schizophrenia Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Further investigation into these outliers revealed that both studies differed from the others in the analysis in that they studied elderly patients and controls (Kopala et al 1995b;Moberg et al 1997a). Even after excluding these two studies the composite effect size remained significant and robust (d ϩ ϭ 0.84, 95% CI ϭ 0.71 Ͻ ␦ Ͻ 0.98).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the magnitude of deficit in odor identification in schizophrenia (mean d ϩ ϭ 0.94) is less than half of the impairment seen in Alzheimer's disease (mean d ϭ 3.26) and Parkinson's disease (mean d ϭ 3.42) (Mesholam et al 1998). Two notable outliers in the current meta analytic review are studies of olfactory identification in elderly patients with schizophrenia (Kopala et al 1995b;Moberg et al 1997a). We have recently noted that in young and elderly patients with schizophrenia duration of illness is inversely correlated with UPSIT performance (r ϭ Ϫ0.92, p Ͻ 0.001) independent of normal aging and gender effects as well as generalized cognitive impairment (Moberg et al 1997b), suggesting that there are duration-linked changes in olfactory function in this disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis is based on Kopala's 1989 study of 41 patients with schizophrenia where poorer UPSIT performance was observed in males relative to females after accounting for normal sex effects (as women typically perform better than men on tests of olfactory function). Other studies, however, have not replicated this finding (Houlihan et al 1994;Kopala et al 1995c;Malaspina et al 1994;Moberg et al 1997a;Moberg et al 1997b;Seidman et al 1997), perhaps implicating other moderator variables in this deficit (e.g., longer duration of illness and/or preponderance of negative symptoms in males).…”

Section: Psychophysical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…More recent studies, however, have not confirmed such hypersensitivity, with some studies reporting intact sensitivity (Kopala et al 1989;Kopala et al 1992;Geddes et al 1991) and others demonstrating decreased olfactory sensitivity in this disease (Isseroff et al 1987;Serby et al 1990). With the exception of one study (Warner et al 1990; see also response by Hurwitz and Clark 1990), deficits in odor identification (Brewer et al 1996;Houlihan et al 1994;Hurwitz et al 1988;Kopala et al 1989;Kopala et al 1992;Kopala et al 1994;Kopala et al 1995b;Kopala et al 1995c;Malaspina et al 1994;Moberg et al 1997a;Moberg et al 1997b;Seidman et al 1992;Seidman et al 1995;Seidman et al 1997;Serby et al 1990;Wu et al 1993), odor detection threshold sensitivity (Isseroff et al 1987;Serby et al 1990), and odor memory (Campbell and Gregson 1972;Wu et al 1993) have now been reported. Sreenivasan and colleagues (1987) also described deficits in schizophrenia patients in the ability to discriminate between different odors on a match to sample task.…”

Section: Psychophysical Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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