Olfactory performance during childhood. I. Development of an odorant identification test for children

Richman, Robert A.; Post, Ernest M.; Sheehe, Paul R.; Wright, H. N.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80337-3

Cited by 56 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mean identification levels in the whole sample are indicated between brackets next to the odor name due to the fact that, at least in both cultures under study, feminine activities are frequently targeted at controlling environmental and body odors (Fuwa and Cohen 2007;Geary 1998), and that children imitate their same-sex parent. Females' better verbal fluency might also account for their higher identification abilities (Larsson et al 2000;Richman et al 1992), an advantage recurrently found in children studies (e.g., Choudhury et al 2003;Richman et al 1995a) including ours. However, these verbal ability differences were barely implicated in the gender differences obtained with the COBEL (Ferdenzi et al 2008), suggesting that the olfactory behaviors reported in the questionnaire might rather be shaped by the socio-cultural factors cited above.…”

Section: Gender Differencessupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Using standard methods of detection threshold or odor discrimination, memory, and identification, they enhanced our knowledge on developing human olfactory abilities (Jehl and Murphy 1998;Koelega 1994;Richman et al 1992Richman et al , 1995bStevenson et al 2007). However, approaches situated in more ecologically valid settings are needed to better understand how olfaction is effectively used in human everyday life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children’s Awareness and Uses of Odor Cues in Everyday Life: A Finland–France Comparison

et al. 2008

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Few studies have investigated how children use their sense of smell in the varied contexts of their everyday life. In the present study, we used the Children's Olfactory Behaviors in Everyday Life questionnaire (COBEL) to investigate developmental and inter-individual differences in attention and reactivity to odors. A total of 130 children (half males; grades 2, 4, and 5) from two European cities (Helsinki, Finland and Dijon, France) took part. Each answered either the French or the Finnish versions of the COBEL questionnaire and performed a cued identification test involving 12 common odorants. We assessed the effect of country, gender, and age on both reported olfactory behavior (total score and separate item scores of the COBEL) and identification performance. Girls and older children were clearly more oriented towards odors in their everyday behaviors and evinced better identification performance. Finnish children tended to report more attention and reactivity to odors. No differences were found between the identification performances of children from the first and the fourth quartiles of the COBEL score distribution (children classified as being among the least and the most reactive/attentive to odors). The COBEL questionnaire is thus complementary to classical, but less ecological, olfactory tests, and easily usable in different countries. The inter-individual variability highlighted by the COBEL corroborates previous findings and warrants further studies in more contrasted cultural groups.

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Section: Gender Differencessupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s Awareness and Uses of Odor Cues in Everyday Life: A Finland–France Comparison

et al. 2008

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“…The sniff test with open bottles has been criticized for its questionable reproducible results [25,28], so some authors advise using tubes to conduct odorous substances from the bottle to the nose [21,22]. However, the sniff test remains the most popular screening test due to its extreme simplicity [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical validation of a new olfactory test

Kremer

Klimek²,

Mösges

1998

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

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A new approach to clinical olfactometry is presented using nasal sprays. A special dosage valve was used to standardize an aerosol size to 40 microns. For evaluation a 6 x 6 matrix (substance/olfactory quality) with verbal associative clues was used according to test psychological findings. Validation took place in three steps after determining smell-associated thresholds in preliminary examinations. Recognition of different aromas administered either by spraying into the open mouth from a distance of 5 cm using nasal sprays or sniffing opened bottles was compared in 50 subjectively normosmic subjects. Findings showed that the correspondence between the two procedures was relatively high, with global identification of odorous substances as high as 98.4% in the spray test. The number of substances used was next reduced to those six substances providing the most reproducible results in an investigation with 56 normosmic and 55 hyposmic subjects. Verbal associative clues were also tested. In a last step 50 patients with hyposmia of various origin and 110 normosmic subjects were tested, allowing previous results to be reproduced regardless of the cause of hyposmia. The spray test was shown to be easily performed and was suitable as a screening test, with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%.

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“…The clinical diagnostics of olfactory dysfunction turns out to be challenging due to low attention span, linguistic development and lack of odor experience 6–8 . Several smell tests have been developed for adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test

Gellrich

Stetzler

Oleszkiewicz

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The clinical diagnostics of olfactory dysfunction in children turns out to be challenging due to low attention span, insufficient linguistic development and lack of odor experiences. Several smell tests have been developed for adults. Most of these examinations take a relatively long time and require a high level of concentration. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate an odor discrimination and olfactory threshold test using the frequently used “Sniffin’ Sticks” in children and adolescents in a simplified two-alternative-forced-choice version (2AFC) and compare it to the original three-alternative-forced-choice test (3AFC). One-hundred-twenty-one healthy participants aged between 5 and 17 years took part in this study. Within each of the two sessions participants underwent olfactory testing using the modified 2AFC as well as the standard 3AFC method. A better test-retest reliability was achieved using the original 3AFC method compared to the modified 2AFC. This was true for the odor discrimination as well as the olfactory threshold. Age had a significant influence on both tests, which should be considered when testing young children. We discuss these findings with relation to the existing norms and recommend using the 3AFC version due to a better test-retest reliability to measure olfactory function in children.

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Olfactory performance during childhood. I. Development of an odorant identification test for children

Cited by 56 publications

References 7 publications

Children’s Awareness and Uses of Odor Cues in Everyday Life: A Finland–France Comparison

Children’s Awareness and Uses of Odor Cues in Everyday Life: A Finland–France Comparison

Clinical validation of a new olfactory test

Olfactory threshold and odor discrimination ability in children – evaluation of a modified “Sniffin’ Sticks” test

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