Olfactory training: what is the evidence?

Turner, Justin

doi:10.1002/alr.22681

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…20,21 Sleep deprivation also affects the activity of the insula and piriform cortex, a brain region responsible for odor processing. 22 Moreover, the greater olfactory capacity observed in senior residents in comparison with first-year residents can be explained by the odor learning process that has been confirmed in multiple psychosocial studies 4 and has served as a foundational tent for clinical olfactory training as we know today. 4 In the sample of the present study, half of the female participants and half of the students in the first year of residency presented with olfactory dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…22 Moreover, the greater olfactory capacity observed in senior residents in comparison with first-year residents can be explained by the odor learning process that has been confirmed in multiple psychosocial studies 4 and has served as a foundational tent for clinical olfactory training as we know today. 4 In the sample of the present study, half of the female participants and half of the students in the first year of residency presented with olfactory dysfunction. The differences observed may also be due to the fact that menstrual cycles are associated with higher levels of stress among first-year residents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Health workers with olfactory impairment may not be able to help diagnose certain diseases, [1][2][3] and subsequently increase the risk of hazardous events and mortality among those affected. 4 Little research has been conducted on the prevalence of olfactory disorders among health workers due to the difficulty of standardising tests and their costs. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the prevalence of olfactory disorders in $ 19% of individuals in the general population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfactory Performance among Hospital Residents

Rezende

Sarmet

Sousa

et al. 2021

Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Introduction Smell plays an important role in the maintenance of health and quality of life of the general population. Health workers with olfactory impairment may not be able to help diagnose certain diseases, and subsequently increase the risk of hazardous events and mortality among those affected. ‘Odor learning’ requires repeated experiences with different smells to develop a discriminatory ability, and this is a process that takes years. Because of that, physicians of certain medical specialities have better odor detection than others. Objective To study the olfactory performance and associated factors of otorhinolaryngology residents compared with residents of different medical specialities in a representative sample of a tertiary hospital. Methods The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used to compare olfactory performance. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected among 42 hospital residents. Results Otorhinolaryngology residents presented an average UPSIT score of 35.0, and the other residents, a score of 32.8 (p = 0.02) Of all the residents, 40.5% showed some grade of olfactory impairment. Half of the females students in the first year of residency showed olfactory dysfunction. The multivariate analyses found age (p = 0.03; 95% confidence interval for β = 0.33) to be an independent predictor of the UPSIT score. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that otorhinolaryngology residents have greater olfactory capacity compared with other residents. Future studies should explore the relevant factors of olfactory impairment and its impact on quality of life in this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Olfactory Performance among Hospital Residents

Rezende

Sarmet

Sousa

et al. 2021

Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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“…For patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction caused by traumatic brain injury, olfactory training induced a significant, but transient effect on odor threshold (12 weeks) ( Langdon et al, 2018 ) and the increase in odor threshold was significantly increased in the subgroup with anosmia, but not patients with hyposmia (24 weeks) ( Pellegrino et al, 2019 ). It takes time for new neurons to send their axon to the olfactory bulb and make synaptic contact and the duration of therapy for this novel therapy varies from 12 to 56 weeks ( Patel, 2017 ; Turner, 2020 ). It seems that changes of odor threshold correlated with the period of training and severity of olfactory loss in patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction.…”

Section: Clinically Meaningful Classification Of Olfactory Dysfunctiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Implications of Psychophysical Olfactory Testing: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcome

Bleier

Wei

et al. 2021

Front. Neurosci.

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Purpose of ReviewOlfactory dysfunction dramatically impairs quality of life with a prevalence of 20% in the general adult population. Psychophysical olfactory testing has been widely used to evaluate the ability to smell due to its validated utility and feasibility in clinic. This review summarizes the current literature regarding psychophysical olfactory testing and the clinical relevance of the olfactory testing with different components. Furthermore, the review highlights the diagnosis and treatment value of olfactory subtests in patients with olfactory dysfunction.Recent FindingsWith the accumulation of studies of psychophysical olfactory testing in olfactory disorders, the clinical relevance of olfactory testing with different components is expanding. Different olfactory domains present with distinct olfactory processing and cortical activity. Psychophysical assessment of olfaction with three domains reveals different levels of olfactory processing and might assist with analyzing the pathophysiologic mechanism of the various olfactory disorders. Furthermore, olfactory thresholds provided the largest amount of non-redundant information to the olfactory diagnosis. Sinonasal olfactory dysfunction and non-sinonasal-related olfactory dysfunction are emerging classifications of smell disorders with certain characteristics of olfactory impairment and different responses to the therapy including steroids, sinus surgery, and olfactory training.SummaryThese recent advancements should promote the understanding of psychophysical olfactory testing, the association between individual subcomponents and neurophysiological processes, and pave the way for precision assessment and treatment of the olfactory dysfunction.

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“…The sample is a convenience sample and is composed by three groups (N = 180, 50% females). Sixty hospitalized patients 2020. All volunteers or their legal representatives will be asked to sign a written informed consent form, also approved in advance by the ethics committee.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Characterization and Training in Older Adults: Protocol Study

Zambom-Ferraresi

Fernández‐Irigoyen

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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The aim of this article is to present the research protocol for a prospective cohort study that will assess the olfactory function and the effect of an intervention based on olfactory training in healthy very old adults (≥75 years old). A convenience sample of 180 older people (50% female) will be recruited in three different environments: hospitalized control group (CH) with stable acute illness (n = 60); ambulatory control group (CA) of community-based living (n = 60); and an experimental odor training group (EOT) from nursing homes (n = 60). The odor training (OT) intervention will last 12 weeks. All the volunteers will be assessed at baseline; CA and EOT groups will also be assessed after 12 weeks. The primary end point will be change in olfactory capacity from baseline to 12 weeks period of intervention or control. The intervention effects will be assessed with the overall score achieved in Sniffin Sticks Test (SST) – Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification (TDI) extended version. Secondary end points will be changes in cognitive tasks, quality of life, mood, immune status, and functional capacity. All these measurements will be complemented with an immune fitness characterization and a deep proteome profiling of the olfactory epithelium (OE) cultured ex vivo. The current study will provide additional evidence to support the implementation of olfactory precision medicine and the development of immunomodulatory nasal therapies based on non-invasive procedures. The proposed intervention will also intend to increase the knowledge about the olfactory function in very elderly people, improve function and quality of life, and promote the recovery of the health.

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Olfactory training: what is the evidence?

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Olfactory Performance among Hospital Residents

Olfactory Performance among Hospital Residents

Clinical Implications of Psychophysical Olfactory Testing: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcome

Olfactory Characterization and Training in Older Adults: Protocol Study

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