Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in California: Longevity, Oviposition, and Development in Canning Olives in the Laboratory and Greenhouse

Abstract

The biology of olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), was studied in the laboratory, greenhouse, and in canning olives, Olea europaea L., in relation to California regional climates. Adults survived in laboratory tests at constant temperatures and relative humidities of 5 degrees C and 83%; 15 degrees C and 59%; 25 degrees C and 30%; and 35 degrees C and 29% for 15, 6, 3, and 2 d without provisions of food and water and for 37, 63, 25, and 4 d with provisions, respectively. In a divided greenhouse, adults survived for 8-11 d in the warm side (36 degrees C and 31% RH daytime); and in the cool side (26 degrees C and 63% RH daytime) 10 d without provisions and 203 d with provisions. A significantly greater number of adults survived in the cool side than the warm side, and with provisions than without. First and last eggs were oviposited in olive fruit when females were 6 and 90 d old, respectively. The highest number of eggs was 55 per day in 10 olive fruit oviposited by 10 28 d-old females, with maximum egg production by 13-37 d-old females. A significantly greater number of ovipositional sites occurred in all sizes of immature green fruit when exposed to adults in cages for 5 d than 2 d. Adults emerged from fruit with a height of > or = 1.0 cm or a volume of > or = 0.2 cm3. More than seven adults per 15 fruit emerged from field infested fruit with a height of 1.1 cm and volume of 0.1 cm3. Larval length was significantly different among the first, second, and third instars and ranged from 0.7 to 1.6, 2.4-4.3, and 4.8-5.6 mm at 14 degrees C; 0.8-1.1, 1.9-2.9, and 3.9-4.4 mm at 21 degrees C, and 0.7-1.3, 2.4-2.9, and 4.4-4.8 mm at 26 degrees C, respectively. Survival of pupae to the adult stage was significantly lower at 26 degrees C than 14 degrees C or 21 degrees C. The period of adult emergence began at 38, 14, and 11 d over a period of 8, 5, and 1 d at 14, 21, and 26 degrees C, respectively. Findings were related to the occurrence and control of California olive fruit fly infestations.

Overwintering Survival of Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Two Introduced Parasitoids in California

“…1). Food, water, and temperature are key factors inßuencing adult B. oleae survival (Wang et al 2009a,b;Yokoyama 2012). In olive orchards, natural food sources such as honeydew produced by Saissetia oleae (Olivier) may sustain the ßyÕs longevity (Wang et al 2011a).…”

Response of Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to an Attract-and-Kill Trap in Greenhouse Cage Tests

“…Pupae were placed in cages used in tests or placed in sleeve cages until adult emergence. Noninfested olive fruit were placed in the sleeve cages containing adults and exposed to oviposition for about 7 d. The fruit was then placed in plastic containers until mature larvae emerged and the process repeated to increase the number of insects in a laboratory colony as described by Yokoyama (2012a) . …”

“…2009 , Yokoyama 2012a ). For this reason, the pest is found in low numbers in the hot, arid San Joaquin Valley where canning olives are grown and is abundant in cool, humid coastal regions.…”

Seasonal Pheromone Trap Catches of Male <I>Bactrocera oleae</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northern California: Asynchrony With Host (Olive Tree) Phenology?

“…Survival approaching two months has been recorded in laboratory colonies (Tsitsipis 1984, Tzanakakis 1986, Tsitsipis and Loher 1987, Koveos et al 1997, Yokoyama 2012, but similar knowledge is lacking for survival in the Þeld. Nevertheless, a longer life span allows for more ßexibility in the phenology schedule.…”

“…The olive fruit ßy is an oligophagous and multivoltine (Kapatos and Fletcher 1984, Yokoyama 2012) species whose larvae feed on olives and wild relatives of the domesticated olive (Levinson andLevinson 1984, Dominici et al 1986). The female lays her eggs just under the surface of the olive fruit and the Þrst instar ecloses in 2Ð3 d. The larval stage lasts from 10 to 15 d at 25ЊC.…”