Omani Frankincense nanoemulsion formulation efficacy and its latent effects on biological aspects of the spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisd.)

Abstract

Our research shed light on the perspective of formulation technology regarding its responsibility to provide phyto-insecticides that are worthy of research into potential novel applications. There has been an increase in interest in using nanoemulsion as a new formulation in a variety of sectors during the last several decades. Boswellia sacra essential oil (Fam: Burseraceae) from the resin of frankincense trees has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient in a new generation of botanical insecticides. Frankincense nanoemulsion was formulated in 5% ratios comprising frankincense oil, surfactants, and water. A frankincense nanoemulsion was prepared using a high-energy ultra-sonication process and characterized by dynamic light scattering transmission electron microscopy surface tension, viscosity, and zeta potential value. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the chemical profiles of frankincense essential oil. Furthermore, insecticidal effects against second instar larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana, as well as their latent effects on the larvae were studied. In the present study, the formulation was a good nanoemulsion. The surface tension was 53.69, the viscosity was 4.76 cPs, the zeta potential was-10 mV, and the size distribution was 41.30 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoemulsion was found to be 0.26, and the morphology of the frankincense nanoemulsion was visualized in a spherical shape. The main constituents identified in frankincense oil were α-pinene (15.52%); monolinolenin (12.92%); and geranylgeranyl acetate (9.99%). The results showed significant insecticidal activity against the larval stage and considerably decreased the pupation percentage with increasing the volume of the frankincense nanoemulsion. On the other hand, the latent effects of the frankincense nanoemulsion on E. insulana resulted in a higher prolongation of larval and pupal durations as well as a significant reduction in the weight of larvae and pupae of E. insulana. Additionally, frankincense nanoemulsion dramatically influenced the adult emergence percentage. It also caused a significantly lower hatchability percentage compared to the untreated control. The concentrations used and the types of mating combination have a significant effect on the fecundity of E. insulana. This novel frankincense nanoemulsion formulation could be used in strategies to control the spiny bollworm on cotton plants.

Toxic and Antifeedant Effects of Different Pesticidal Plant Extracts against Beet Armyworm (<i>Spodoptera exigua</i>)

“…This insect is more likely to persist throughout the year due to the availability of a wide range of hosts [6]. Its larvae feed mainly on foliage and fruit [7]. Young larvae graze and skeletonize leaves.…”

Bacterial-Mediated Salinity Stress Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.): A Fortunate Way toward Sustainable Agriculture

“…PGPR colonizes the roots and improves seed germination and plant biomass production . Microorganisms alleviated abiotic stresses by modulating phytohormone levels. , Plant growth, development, and nutrient acquisition − were improved by these microbial phytohormones against various environmental stresses including both abiotic and biotic ones. − The synthesis of phytohormones is one of PGPR’s other mechanisms for promoting plant growth and alleviating salt stress . Inoculation of PGPR in plants possessing ambient stresses enhances their proline level, which ultimately leads to improved antioxidant activity, thus increasing the production of plant biomass and improved toxicity .…”

Biochar and Seed Priming Technique with Gallic Acid: An Approach toward Improving Morpho-Anatomical and Physiological Features of Solanum melongena L. under Induced NaCl and Boron Stresses

“…Climate change is a current global issue and is estimated to increase the mean global temperature by 1.0–5.7 °C at the end of the 21st century. − Changing climate patterns negatively affect crop growth and yield, , with adverse effects on global food production. − A variety of biotic − and abiotic stresses − created by environmental conditions include salinity, , drought, − temperature, floods, and heavy-metal stress. − Salinity stress affects approximately 20% of irrigated land globally. , It negatively affects the photosynthesis rate by inhibiting photochemical routes via reduction in stomata size (SS), stomatal closing, inhibiting nutrient uptake, − and disrupting water balance. , High levels of salts in the soil decrease stomatal conductivity, which further restricts the inward movement of CO 2 and thus disrupts gaseous exchange . This subsequently interrupts electron transport chain reactions and decreases the photosynthesis rate. − Salinity stress increases the trichome density (TD) and leaf size and adversely affects the plant height, total leaf area, and stomatal density .…”

“… 1 − 3 Changing climate patterns negatively affect crop growth and yield, 4 , 5 with adverse effects on global food production. 6 − 11 A variety of biotic 12 − 14 and abiotic stresses 15 − 17 created by environmental conditions include salinity, 18 , 19 drought, 20 − 22 temperature, 23 floods, and heavy-metal stress. 24 − 28 Salinity stress affects approximately 20% of irrigated land globally.…”