Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in neurological and psychiatric diseases: An overview

Mazza, Marianna; Pomponi, Massimiliano; Janiri, Luigi; Bria, Pietro; Mazza, Salvatore

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.07.010

Cited by 259 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs are structural components of cell membranes. 7 The lipid bilayer of cellular membranes is maintained by the presence of these PUFAs. 8 The successful fertilization of spermatozoa depends on the lipids of the spermatozoa membrane.…”

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The roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in idiopathic male infertility

Safarinejad¹,

Safarinejad²

2012

Asian J Androl

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mega-3 fatty acids found in some foods have a wide-range of health benefits. The omega-3 supplementation results in higher antioxidant activity in human seminal fluid and enhanced sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. Considerable number of infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia might be benefit from omega-3 fatty acids administration.Infertility caused by idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia(OAT) syndrome without any female factor represents one of the biggest patients group in the daily practice of urologists. Despite great advances in the field of infertility, still many cases of male infertility are diagnosed as idiopathic and remained untreated. In low-income communities where health service resources are restricted and basic health needs are unmet, health resources are not used to provide expensive technologies for the treatment of infertility. Social and family consequences of infertility, especially in developing and under developed communities are devastating. A decrease in male fertility has been occurred over the years. 1 Sperm density had fallen by 40% over the past 50 years. 2 One of the reasons for the impaired semen parameters over the years is dietary factors. 3,4 The significant effects of dietary fatty acids (FAs) on male fertility have been well documented both in animal and human studies. 5,6 There are three types of natural FAs: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential FAs, because they cannot be synthesized by the human body. Docosahexanoic acid (DHA), eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and alinolenic acid are the main omega-3 PUFAs.Linoleic acid, c-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) are the main omega-6 PUFAs. The first mechanism by which omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs affect spermatogenesis, is by the incorporation into spermatozoa cell membrane. Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs are structural components of cell membranes. 7 The lipid bilayer of cellular membranes is maintained by the presence of these PUFAs. 8 The successful fertilization of spermatozoa depends on the lipids of the spermatozoa membrane. 9 Deleterious health effects of increased dietary omega-6/omega-3 ratios have been documented in many studies. 10 The ideal ratio is 1:1. During the past 100 years, omega-6 PUFAs of Western diets have increased dramatically. This has resulted in an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 25:1 to 40:1. 11 Increased omega-6/omega-3 ratio in spermatozoa has also been implicated in impaired semen quality in oligozoospermic and/or asthenozoospermic men. 12 Spermatozoa from asthenozoospermic and oligozoospermic men exhibit decreased concentrations of DHA compared with those from normozoospermic men. Conquer et al. 13 demonstrated that, compared with normozoospermic men, spermatozoa from asthenozoospermic men have diminished concentrations of DHA and higher concentrations of oleic acid. Safarinejad et al., 14 investigated PUFA composition of the blood plasma and spermatozoa in men with idiopathic OAT. They found that, fertile men h...

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“…Balanced seminal plasma antioxidant activity prevents the oxidation of various macromolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids. 7 Omega-3 PUFAs are among important antioxidants. In a study by Safarinejad et al, 14 seminal plasma enzymatic antioxidant levels of catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in idiopathic male infertility

Safarinejad¹,

Safarinejad²

2012

Asian J Androl

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“…The competency of the CNS protective mechanisms, especially the antioxidant systems, determines, to a large extent, the final outcome [159]. Early nutrition has been shown to play a major role in the brain development, mental and immune function.…”

Section: Prevention and Amelioration Of Asdmentioning

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Immune-Glutamatergic Dysfunction as a Central Mechanism of the Autism Spectrum Disorders

Blaylock

Strunecká

2009

CMC

125

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Despite the great number of observations being made concerning cellular and the molecular dysfunctions associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the basic central mechanism of these disorders has not been proposed in the major scientific literature. Our review brings evidence that most heterogeneous symptoms of ASD have a common set of events closely connected with dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain with enhancement of excitatory receptor function by pro-inflammatory immune cytokines as the underlying mechanism. We suggest that environmental and dietary excitotoxins, mercury, fluoride, and aluminum can exacerbate the pathological and clinical problems by worsening excitotoxicity and by microglial priming. In addition, each has effects on cell signaling that can affect neurodevelopment and neuronal function. Our hypothesis opens the door to a number of new treatment modes, including the nutritional factors that naturally reduce excitotoxicity and brain inflammation.

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“…The type of fish and seafood, the frequency of consumption, and the meal size are essential issues in the balance of benefits and risks of a regular consumption 16 . Concerning the cardioprotective effects of omega-3, it has long been believed that a daily intake of 3000 to 4000 mg of fish oil supplements or 2 to 3 servings of fatty fish per week are safe and effective in adults in general, included those with neurological diseases 17 . On the other hand, for individuals who want a diet with zero methylmercure but would like to enjoy the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, there are always fish oil supplements or intake of foods such as walnuts or oils (flax, canola and soybean) 16,18 .…”

Section: ôMega-3 Epilepsy and Sudden Unexpected Death In Epilepsymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?: Eat more fish! A group hypothesis

Cysneiros

Machado

Arida

et al. 2009

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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-Epilepsy is the commonest serious neurological disorder and individuals with epilepsy are at higher risk of death than the general population and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Potential pathomechanisms for SUDEP are unknown, but it is very probable that cardiac arrhythmias during and between seizures play a potential role. The ultimate goal of SUDEP research is to develop methods to prevent it and nutritional aspects such as omega-3 fatty acid deficiency may have an interesting role in this scenario. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and are important for treating or preventing some neurological diseases, including epilepsy. A dietary modification or nutritional supplements increasing the ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids may help to ''save the brain".KEY WORDS: epilepsy, sudden death, omega-3. Epilepsia e morte súbita? Coma mais peixe! A hipótese de um grupoResumo -A epilepsia é uma das doenças neurológicas sérias mais comuns e está associada a um maior risco de morte do que o observado na população geral e a morte súbita em epilepsia é uma importante causa de morte relacionada à epilepsia. Os potenciais patomecanismos da morte súbita em epilepsia são desconhecidos, mas é bastante provável que arritmias cardíacas durante ou entre as crises tenham um papel preponderante. O objetivo final das pesquisas em morte súbita em epilepsia é o desenvolvimento de métodos que levem à sua prevenção e aspectos nutricionais, como a deficiência de ômega-3 pode ter um papel interessante neste contexto. A suplementação com ômega-3 reduz o risco de mortalidade de origem cardiovascular e é importante no tratamento e prevenção de algumas doenças neurológicas, incluindo a epilepsia. A modificação dietética ou a suplementação nutricional aumentando a ingesta de ômega-3 pode ajudar a "salvar o cérebro".

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Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in neurological and psychiatric diseases: An overview

Cited by 259 publications

References 154 publications

The roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in idiopathic male infertility

The roles of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in idiopathic male infertility

Immune-Glutamatergic Dysfunction as a Central Mechanism of the Autism Spectrum Disorders

Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?: Eat more fish! A group hypothesis

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