Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Role in Pediatric Cancer

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition is common in children with cancer and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The need for supportive care is becoming ever more evident and the role of nutrition in oncology is still not sufficiently understood. In particular, the consequences of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies require further research. As epidemiological data suggest anti-tumoral properties of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), we reviewed the role of nutrition and n-3 supplementation in pediatric oncology. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed through 5 February 2021 to select meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies, and individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on macro- and micronutrient supplementation in pediatric oncology. The search strategy included the following medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords: “childhood cancer”, “pediatric oncology”, “nutritional status”, “malnutrition”, and “omega-3-fatty-acids”. The reference lists of all relevant articles were screened to include potentially pertinent studies. Results: We summarize evidence about the importance of adequate nutrition in childhood cancer and the role of n-3 PUFAs and critically interpret findings. Possible effects of supplementation on the nutritional status and benefits during chemotherapy are discussed as well as strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Conclusion: We here describe the obvious benefits of omega-3 supplementation in childhood cancer. Further large scale clinical trials are required to verify potential anti-cancer effects of n-3 fatty acids.

Role of Nutrition in Pediatric Patients with Cancer

“…It has been observed that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, found in marine fish, vegetable oils, and seeds, have a beneficial role in maintaining gut health and modifying GM [ 74 ]. The benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cancer treatment have been well documented in multiple studies.…”

“…In fact, these fatty acids are important components of enterocyte cell membranes and can modify the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has been linked to beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which can help balance the immune system by influencing the intestinal microbes [ 74 ]. This is particularly relevant for patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as it may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal side effects caused by microbial dysbiosis.…”

Supportive methods for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia then and now: A compilation for clinical practice

“…For instance, high-dose MTX has delayed clearance in underweight patients, causing acute kidney injury or hepatotoxicity ( 132 , 133 ). Nutritional strategies should be considered and integrated as fundamentals of pediatric oncology, to adequately provide macronutrients, beneficial components like omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, or micronutrients such as vitamin D ( 134 ).…”

Phytochemicals as Chemo-Preventive Agents and Signaling Molecule Modulators: Current Role in Cancer Therapeutics and Inflammation

“…In addition to cancer cells, many other types of rapidly proliferating normal cells, such as bone marrow and hair follicle cells, are at risk. New PTOX-derived compounds also induce drug resistance, resulting in serious adverse effects such as metabolic dysfunction and secondary carcinogenesis [ 193 , 194 ]. More effort has been put into creating effective drug discovery based on PTOX structural alterations, clinical guidance, and a wide variety of partner medications to overcome the limitations of current medical practices.…”