Omega-3 long-chain fatty acids strongly induce angiopoietin-like 4 in humans

Insulin resistance in obesity can be reliably identified from fasting plasma insulin

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Consecutive adults who underwent a two-step EHC (insulin infusion 20 and 60 mU m − 2 min −1 ) were included in the analysis when the following data could be retrieved: sex, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes status, and either basal EGP, suppression of EGP or glucose rate of disappearance (R d ). Additionally, we obtained data on body composition using bioimpedance analysis, 12 resting energy expenditure (REE) using indirect calorimetry, 12 fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin (FPI) and lipids as well as plasma glucoregulatory hormones during the clamp for most, but not all subjects.…”

“…12 Plasma lipids were determined by automated enzymatic colometric methods as previously described. 15 Plasma enrichment of [6,6-2 H 2 ]glucose (tracer-to-tracee ratio) was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as previously described. 18 Calculations HOMA-IR and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated as previously described.…”

Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Ameliorating the Obesity-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Animal Models and Humans

“…The function of ANGPT4 may be protect tissues from FFA-induced cellular toxicity via a reduction in hydrolysis of TAG [194]. There is ubiquitous expression of ANGPT4 with high expression in WAT and the liver [195]. The mechanism for reducing circulating ANGPT4 is still unknown, but an increase in plasma free fatty acids by lipid infusion attenuates the reduction of ANGPT4 during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp [196].…”

“…The mechanism for reducing circulating ANGPT4 is still unknown, but an increase in plasma free fatty acids by lipid infusion attenuates the reduction of ANGPT4 during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp [196]. The insulin-mediated decrease in plasma ANGPT4 is partially reduced during olive oil infusion and completely blunted during soybean oil and fish oil/medium chain TAG/long-chain TAG infusion [195]. There is no association between expression of ANGPT4 in WAT and LPL activity in WAT [197].…”

“…There is no association between expression of ANGPT4 in WAT and LPL activity in WAT [197]. The expression of ANGPT4 is induced by DHA (C22:6 n-3) 70-fold compared with a 27-fold increase by linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and a 15-fold increase by oleic acid (C18:1) after a 6-h intravenous infusion [195]. The results suggest that ANGPT4 can be strongly regulated in the short term by DHA, and ANGPT4 may protect against the overflow of plasma FFA to cause lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity in non-adipose tissues.…”