Let Γ be a Fuchsian group of genus at least 2 (at least 3 if Γ is non-oriented). We study the spaces of homomorphisms from Γ to finite simple groups G, and derive a number of applications concerning random generation and representation varieties.Precise asymptotic estimates for |Hom(Γ, G)| are given, implying in particular that as the rank of G tends to infinity, this is of the form |G| μ(Γ)+1+o(1) , where μ(Γ) is the measure of Γ. We then prove that a randomly chosen homomorphism from Γ to G is surjective with probability tending to 1 as |G| → ∞. Combining our results with Lang-Weil estimates from algebraic geometry, we obtain the dimensions of the representation varieties Hom(Γ,Ḡ), whereḠ is GL n (K) or a simple algebraic group over K, an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic.A key ingredient of our approach is character theory, involving the study of the 'zeta function' ζ G (s) = χ(1) −s , where the sum is over all irreducible complex characters χ of G.