ON and OFF channels in human retinal ganglion cells

Hashimoto, Takao; Katai, Satoshi; Saito, Yasunori; Kobayashi, Fumitoshi; Goto, Tetsuya

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.243683

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, functional studies of these non-foveal ganglion cell types in non-human primates have been limited to a set of 7 types [14,[24][25][26][27][28][29] and only midget and parasol cells have been recorded in human retina [18,19]. Additional physiological assessment of the human retina on the level of individual cells is anecdotal [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual properties of human retinal ganglion cells

Reinhard

Münch

2019

Preprint

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25The retinal output is the sole source of visual information for the brain. Studies in non-primate 26 mammals estimate that this information is carried by several dozens of retinal ganglion cell 27 types, each informing the brain about different aspects of a visual scene. Even though 28 morphological studies of primate retina suggest a similar diversity of ganglion cell types, 29 research has focused on the function of only a few cell types. In human retina, recordings 30 from individual cells are anecdotal. Here, we present the first systematic ex-vivo recording of 31 light responses from 342 ganglion cells in human retinas obtained from donors. We find a 32 great variety in the human retinal output in terms of preferences for positive or negative 33 contrast, spatio-temporal frequency encoding, contrast sensitivity, and speed tuning. Some 34 human ganglion cells showed similar response behavior as known cell types in other primates, 35 while we also recorded light responses that have not been described previously. This first 36 extensive description of the human retinal output should facilitate interpretation of primate 37 data and comparison to other mammalian species, and it lays the basis for the use of ex-vivo 38 human retina for in-vitro analysis of novel treatment approaches. 40Vision starts in the retina, a highly structured part of the central nervous system. The retina 41 performs important signal processing: the incoming images are captured by the 42 photoreceptors, analyzed and split into parallel information streams by retinal circuits, and 43 sent along the optic nerve to higher visual brain centers. Each of the parallel information 44 streams is embodied by a type of ganglion cell and informs the brain about a particular aspect 45 of the visual scene 1 . The non-primate mammalian retina contains over 40 of these different 46 information streams, which can be distinguished based on both functional and morphological 47 criteria 2-7 . 48One striking feature of retinal architecture is that each ganglion cell type tiles the retina so 49 that each feature can be extracted at each location in the visual field. Nevertheless, regional 50 specializations do exist, for example the fovea of the primate retina, a region of very high 51 visual acuity. The foveal region consists almost exclusively of four retinal ganglion cell types, 52 the ON and OFF parasol cells and the ON and OFF midget cells 8-10 , which account for 50-53 70% of all ganglion cells in the primate retina 11 . Functional studies using non-human 54 primates have often focused on these four most abundant retinal ganglion cell types 12-17 . 55 Morphological studies of the complete primate retina, on the other hand, describe a similar 56 variety in ganglion cell types as found in the non-primate retina with at least 17 57 morphologically identified types 11,18-21 . However, functional studies of these non-foveal 58 ganglion cell types in non-human primates have been limited to a set of 7 types 14,22-27 , and 59 physiological assessment of t...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual properties of human retinal ganglion cells

Reinhard

Münch

2019

Preprint

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“…Our previous study which appeared in the companion paper 12 demonstrates the presence of On-and Off-type responses in signals recorded from OT fibers in patients with PD. Most of the positive response sites at the light on event showed On-type responses, which have been derived from retinal On cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Methods for surgical procedure and measurement of the discharge latencies have been described previously, 12 and are detailed in Data S1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discharge responses of the optic tract to flash stimuli in Parkinson's disease

Hashimoto

Katai²,

Goto

2014

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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Dopamine has a significant role in retinal processing, and it has been demonstrated that retinal dopamine content is decreased in parkinsonian patients. We measured the latency of the evoked discharges in the optic tract (OT) to flash stimuli during stereotactic pallidal neurosurgery in 25 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (13 women and 12 men, age 38–78 years, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) Motor Score in the Off state 11–54, Hoehn and Yahr stage in the Off state 1.5–5) and investigated the effects of age at surgery, disease duration, levodopa dose, and severity of parkinsonian symptoms on the latency. OT discharges were evoked by monocular flash stimuli delivered from a flashlight with a krypton bulb with a tungsten filament. The luminance at the eye measured ∼4 × 104 cd/m2. The light wavelength of the stimulus was composed of a wide spectrum with its peak at around 800 nm or longer. The latency of OT discharges ranged 49–79 msec, and there was a significant positive correlation between the latencies of evoked activities in the OT to a flashlight and age (r = 0.59, P < 0.001, by Pearson correlation), but no correlation between the latency and the severity of parkinsonian symptoms and between the latency and duration of illness. These results indicate that the delay in visual processing and conduction at the level of the retina and the OT are substantially derived from age-related degenerative changes in the retina and visual pathway which are apparently unrelated to the striatal dopamine deficiency in PD.

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“…The ON and OFF channels are basic functional elements in parallel processing in the visual system in vertebrates including primates. [ 10 ] The majority of cones in the central retina connect with at least two bipolar cells, one of which is ON and the other is OFF. The ON and OFF bipolars in turn connect with ON and OFF RGCs, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction on OFF-responses of Electroretinogram in Monkeys with Long-term High Intraocular Pressure

Liu

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2017

Chinese Medical Journal

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Background:There are ON- and OFF-pathways in the normal vertebrate retina. Short- and long-flash electroretinogram (ERG) are suitable methods to observe the function of ON- and OFF-pathways in vivo, respectively. It is clear that high intraocular pressure (IOP) might cause dysfunction of cone-dominated photopic negative response (PhNR) in monkeys with high IOP in ON-pathway. However, whether cone-dominated OFF-responses are also affected is less known. The aim of this study was to observe photopic OFF-responses of ERG in monkeys with high IOP.Methods:Nine monkeys were involved in the experiment from January 2006 to December 2016. High IOP was induced in the right eye by laser coagulation of the mid-trabecular meshwork in five monkeys. Six years after the laser coagulation, both short- and long-flash of the photopic ERG were recorded. Stimulus light was red flashes superimposed on a blue background. Four normal monkeys were examined under the same ERG protocols as controls. Paired t-test was used to compare the difference of each ERG parameter between the lasered eye and the fellow eye. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey adjustment was adopted to calculate the differences among the lasered eye, the fellow eye, and the eyes of normal monkeys.Results:The mean amplitude of a-wave (11.73 ± 2.05) and PhNR (8.67 ± 2.44) in lasered eyes was significantly lower than that of a-wave (21.47 ± 3.15) and PhNR (22.05 ± 3.42) in fellow eyes (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) in response to short flash. The mean amplitude of d-wave (1.60 ± 0.59) and i-wave (3.13 ± 0.64) was significantly reduced in the lasered eyes than that of d-wave (4.01 ± 0.56) and i-wave (8.79 ± 1.75) in the fellow eyes (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively) in response to long flash.Conclusions:Reduced OFF-responses are recorded in monkeys with high IOP when dysfunction of photoreceptor is involved. The reduced OFF-responses to long-flash stimulus show evidence of anomalous retinal circuitry in glaucomatous retinopathy.

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ON and OFF channels in human retinal ganglion cells

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Visual properties of human retinal ganglion cells

Visual properties of human retinal ganglion cells

Discharge responses of the optic tract to flash stimuli in Parkinson's disease

Reduction on OFF-responses of Electroretinogram in Monkeys with Long-term High Intraocular Pressure

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