On- and off-fault deformation associated with the September 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake: Implications for geologic slip rate measurements

Gold, Ryan D.; Reitman, Nadine G.; Briggs, Richard W.; Barnhart, William D.; Hayes, Gavin P.; Wilson, Earl M.

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.019

Cited by 99 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Observations of near‐fault coseismic deformation offer insight into the processes that control the propagation of fault slip from several kilometers depth to the surface. Because the surface deformation within several kilometers of the surface rupture is commonly complex, constraints on the on‐ and off‐fault deformation from high‐resolution imagery are critical for probing the behavior of the shallow crust during earthquakes (Gold et al, ; Milliner et al, ; Nissen et al, , ; Oskin et al, ; Vallage et al, ). Recent technical advances in imaging surface deformation from space‐based and aerial platforms have led to a greater understanding of shallow on‐fault slip gradients (Brooks et al, ; Nissen et al, ; Vallage et al, ), lithologic control on shallow fault zone architecture (Milliner, Dolan, et al, ; Teran et al, ; Zinke et al, ), and geometric fault zone complexities (Oskin et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

et al. 2018

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Three‐dimensional near‐fault coseismic deformation fields from high‐resolution differential topography provide new information on the behavior of the shallow fault zone in large surface‐rupturing earthquakes. Our work focuses on the 16 April 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake, which ruptured ~40 km of the Futagawa‐Hinagu Fault Zone on Kyushu Island with an oblique strike‐slip mechanism and surface offset exceeding 2 m. Our differential lidar analysis constrains the structural style of strain accommodation along the primary fault trace and the surrounding damage zone. We show that 36 ± 29% and 62 ± 32% of the horizontal and vertical deformation, respectively, was accommodated off the principal fault trace. The horizontal strains of up to 0.03 suggest that the approximate elastic strain limit was exceeded over a ~250 m width in many locations along the rupture. The inelastic deformation of the fault volume produced the observed distributed deformation at the Earth's surface. We demonstrate a novel approach for calculating 3‐D displacement uncertainties, indicating errors of centimeters to a few decimeters for displacements computed over 50 m horizontal windows. Errors correlate with land cover and relief, with flatter agricultural land associated with the highest displacement uncertainty. These advances provide a framework for future analyses of shallow earthquake behavior using differential topography.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

et al. 2018

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“…In this paper, we use satellite‐derived topography, that is, the preearthquake Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3‐D data set and a postearthquake Pleiades digital elevation model (DEM), to retrieve 3‐D displacement fields in the 2013 M w 7.7 Balochistan, Pakistan, earthquake. Previous studies of this earthquake (Avouac et al, ; Gold et al, ; Jolivet et al, ; Vallage et al, , ; Zinke et al, ; Zhou, Elliott, et al, ; Zhou, Walker, Elliott, & Parsons, ) have analyzed the surface rupture in great detail using various sources of imagery, but most of them focused mainly on the horizontal motion, except Zhou, Elliott, et al () where they directly measured vertical offsets based on postearthquake Pleiades topography for the whole of the rupture. Here we combine measurements of horizontal and vertical displacements to quantify fault geometric variations at shallow depth and show how they can affect surface slip at the fault.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Complex Surface Ruptures in the 2013 M_w 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake Using Three‐Dimensional Displacements

2018

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We use satellite‐derived high‐resolution topography and orthoimages, namely, preearthquake Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3‐D data and postearthquake Pleiades data, to retrieve 3‐D displacements in the 2013 Balochistan, Pakistan, earthquake. Previous studies of this earthquake have revealed many complex rupture patterns, such as off‐fault deformation (near‐field strike‐slip displacements smaller than the far field) and inelastic surface deformation (horizontal shortening on the surface significantly larger than that from simple elastic model). In this paper, we reanalyze the complexities of surface ruptures in a systematic way using the newly derived 3‐D displacements. In doing so, we made use of the vertical component of the curl and the horizontal divergence of the displacement field. By comparing the off‐fault deformation and curl field along the rupture, we found that curl is a good measure of the width of the deformation zone. The curl width ratio (CWR)—the ratio of the basic resolution of the curl field and curl width—was used to quantify the degree of surface slip localization. When CWR ≥ 0.9, there is no or very little off‐fault deformation, whereas when CWR ≤ 0.6, surface deformation is almost 100% distributed. The distributed deformation observed is controlled by both the fault geometry and local material types. Despite the overall strike slip with some thrusting, the divergence shows localized extension or enhanced shortening in the near field due to fault geometric variations at a spatial scale of tens to hundreds of meters, consistent with the 3‐D displacements and geological interpretations.

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“…Large-scale kinks and jogs have seemed to control part of the rupture Zinke et al, 2014]. The existence of such band of distributed deformation, mostly located in the hanging wall, results in significant differences in the amount of horizontal displacement that could be measured in the direct vicinity of the rupture and away from the fault, at distances of 1 km to several kilometers Gold et al, 2015;Vallage et al, 2015;Zinke et al, 2014]. Band's width varies along strike, in part due to the presence, or not, of loose sediments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The M_w7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan

Vallage

Klinger

Lacassin

et al. 2016

Geophysical Research Letters

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The 2013 Mw7.7 Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan, ruptured the Hoshab fault. Left‐lateral motion dominated the deformation pattern, although significant vertical motion is found along the southern part of the rupture. Correlation of high‐resolution (2.5 m) optical satellite images provided horizontal displacement along the entire rupture. In parallel, we mapped the ground rupture geometry at 1:500 scale. We show that the azimuth of the ground rupture distributes mainly between two directions, N216° and N259°. The direction N216° matches the direction of preexisting geologic structures resulting from penetrative deformation caused by the nearby Makran subduction. Hence, during a significant part of its rupture, the 2013 Balochistan rupture kept switching between a long‐term fault front and secondary branches, in which existence and direction are related to the compressional context. It shows unambiguous direct interactions between different preexisting geologic structures, regional stress, and dynamic‐rupture stress, which controlled earthquake propagation path.

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On- and off-fault deformation associated with the September 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake: Implications for geologic slip rate measurements

Cited by 99 publications

References 52 publications

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

Characterizing Complex Surface Ruptures in the 2013 M_w 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake Using Three‐Dimensional Displacements

Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The M_w7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan

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On- and off-fault deformation associated with the September 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake: Implications for geologic slip rate measurements

Cited by 99 publications

References 52 publications

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

TheM7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3‐D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar Topography

Characterizing Complex Surface Ruptures in the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake Using Three‐Dimensional Displacements

Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The Mw7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan

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Characterizing Complex Surface Ruptures in the 2013 M_w 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake Using Three‐Dimensional Displacements

Geological structures control on earthquake ruptures: The M_w7.7, 2013, Balochistan earthquake, Pakistan