“…. For simplicity to decide the best route of mobile sink and also for ignoring the impact of mobility on data collection performance, we only allow the data collection while hovering at a fixed position, not while travelling [2]. The mobile sink moves to the center of each block…”
Section: Proposed Route Control For Mobile Sinkmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The heuristic algorithm requires us to obtain a block with the maximum number of nodes (and comparison of the route length from the previous block when several blocks have the same number), in the worst case, N Bmax − 1 times. Thus, the computational complexity of the heuristic algorithm is at most O(N 2 Bmax ), which can be easily calculated even for large number of blocks and sensor nodes.…”
Section: (3) Route Decision Stepmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where a mobile sink moves to the proximity of each sensor node and gathers their data with single-hop transmissions, has been proposed for avoiding multi-hop transmissions, thereby facilitating network management and improving the efficiency of data transfer in WSNs [1]. With the recent development of low-cost and safe unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represented by drones, there have been many works on drone-based data gathering [2], [3], where a sink node is installed into a drone that has flexible mobility to fly over a sensing area.…”
The introduction of a drone-based mobile sink into wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which has flexible mobility to move to each sensor node and gather data with a single-hop transmission, makes cumbersome multi-hop transmissions unnecessary, thereby facilitating data gathering from widely-spread sensor nodes. However, each sensor node spends significant amount of energy during their idle state where they wait for the mobile sink to come close to their vicinity for data gathering. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, we apply a wake-up receiver to each sensor node, which consumes much smaller power than the main radio used for data transmissions. The main radio interface is woken up only when the wake-up receiver attached to each node detects a wake-up signal transmitted by the mobile sink. For this mobile and on-demand data gathering, this paper proposes a route control framework that decides the mobility route for a drone-based mobile sink, considering the interactions between wake-up control and physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer operations. We investigate the optimality and effectiveness of the route obtained by the proposed framework with computer simulations. Furthermore, we present experimental results obtained with our test-bed of a WSN employing a drone-based mobile sink and wakeup receivers. All these results give us the insight on the role of wake-up receiver in mobile and on-demand sensing data gathering and its interactions with protocol/system designs.
“…. For simplicity to decide the best route of mobile sink and also for ignoring the impact of mobility on data collection performance, we only allow the data collection while hovering at a fixed position, not while travelling [2]. The mobile sink moves to the center of each block…”
Section: Proposed Route Control For Mobile Sinkmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The heuristic algorithm requires us to obtain a block with the maximum number of nodes (and comparison of the route length from the previous block when several blocks have the same number), in the worst case, N Bmax − 1 times. Thus, the computational complexity of the heuristic algorithm is at most O(N 2 Bmax ), which can be easily calculated even for large number of blocks and sensor nodes.…”
Section: (3) Route Decision Stepmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where a mobile sink moves to the proximity of each sensor node and gathers their data with single-hop transmissions, has been proposed for avoiding multi-hop transmissions, thereby facilitating network management and improving the efficiency of data transfer in WSNs [1]. With the recent development of low-cost and safe unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represented by drones, there have been many works on drone-based data gathering [2], [3], where a sink node is installed into a drone that has flexible mobility to fly over a sensing area.…”
The introduction of a drone-based mobile sink into wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which has flexible mobility to move to each sensor node and gather data with a single-hop transmission, makes cumbersome multi-hop transmissions unnecessary, thereby facilitating data gathering from widely-spread sensor nodes. However, each sensor node spends significant amount of energy during their idle state where they wait for the mobile sink to come close to their vicinity for data gathering. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, we apply a wake-up receiver to each sensor node, which consumes much smaller power than the main radio used for data transmissions. The main radio interface is woken up only when the wake-up receiver attached to each node detects a wake-up signal transmitted by the mobile sink. For this mobile and on-demand data gathering, this paper proposes a route control framework that decides the mobility route for a drone-based mobile sink, considering the interactions between wake-up control and physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer operations. We investigate the optimality and effectiveness of the route obtained by the proposed framework with computer simulations. Furthermore, we present experimental results obtained with our test-bed of a WSN employing a drone-based mobile sink and wakeup receivers. All these results give us the insight on the role of wake-up receiver in mobile and on-demand sensing data gathering and its interactions with protocol/system designs.
“…The research works (Pace et al, 2015;da Silva and Nascimento, 2016;Huang et al, 2015) also concern about algorithms to plan missions in a way that the return home is guaranteed.…”
As drones expand their ability to perform longer and more complex tasks, one of the first concerns that rise is their capacity to perform those tasks in a reliable way. Reliability can be understood from different aspects: the ability of the drone to perform accurately, safely and autonomously. In this paper, we focus on understanding the current efforts to ensure the last quality, autonomy, from the point of view of energy-awareness for drone systems. It emerges that drones as object of study in energy aware Software Engineering is still an emerging, unexplored area, which requires to learn from advances and experimentation in other mobile and ubiquitous devices like cellular phones or tablets. Still, it is required to understand the opportunities and limitations of drones as computational targets. A research agenda should be set and followed to leverage software as an opportunity to foster drones as energy-aware devices.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is one of the most significant technologies that gets much attention from researchers due to its promising applications in various environments. Mobility in wireless sensor networks contributes significantly to improving the performance of terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs) and underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). This research's primary goal is to highlight the roles of mobility and mobile element tasks in enhancing terrestrial and underwater wireless sensor networks. Our systematic literature review (SLR) analyzed studies published between the periods of 2003 and January 2020. Out of 1762 studies retrieved by searching six online digital libraries and other resources, only 107 of them were selected for primary studies based on selection criteria and relevant to three identified research questions. This was followed by data extraction from the primary studies for answering the three SLR questions. The study reveals that mobility plays an essential role in improving network performance in TWSNs and UWSNs, especially in the aspects of coverage, energy efficiency, throughput, and connectivity. The study also identifies the tasks of the mobile elements in TWSNs and UWSNs, including data collection, localization, and charging. Moreover, it demonstrates the parameters of the mobile elements that should be considered when building networks. Finally, this study concludes by highlighting some open research issues that can be considered for future research.
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