On-board and Off-board performance of hydrogen storage options for light-duty vehicles

Accelerating the Understanding and Development of Hydrogen Storage Materials: A Review of the Five-Year Efforts of the Three DOE Hydrogen Storage Materials Centers of Excellence

“…Since sorbents tend to have additional pore and intraparticle volume where H 2 gas also resides, a given material will typically ''contain'' more (i.e., material ''total'') H 2 than the reported material excess value. However, DOE-directed detailed analyses performed by Ahluwalia and colleagues [106] indicate that systems using sorbents will have usable system capacities close to the excess values, and thus these excess values can be used to gauge differences between materials and what an actual system may store. Specifically, while the exact details will vary based on the storage pressure, temperature, and storage mechanism, the HSCoE focused on developing sorbents with excess capacities greater than~6 wt pct and 40 g/L, and in reducing system and station costs by limiting storage pressures to <200 bar and temperatures to higher thañ 77 K (À196°C), with the ultimate goal of higher than 200 K (À73°C).…”

Moderate Temperature Dense Phase Hydrogen Storage Materials within the US Department of Energy (DOE) H2 Storage Program: Trends toward Future Development

“…Magnesium borohydride, in particular, can deliver an exceptional 14.9 wt.% H 2 as demonstrated initially by Konopolev, who reported on the synthesis and desorption properties in a 1980 publication [12]. Mg(BH 4 ) 2 was synthesized in 80% yield from the combination of NaBH 4 and MgCl 2 in boiling ethanol and observed hydrogen desorption above 590 K with a ΔH of ~53 kJ/mol H 2 , however, relatively little was known about the desorption pathway nor the reaction reversibility. Through the MHCoE, Zhao et al [13][14][15], studied the correlation between crystal structure and hydrogen desorption dynamics.…”

“…Work within the MHCoE on complex anionic hydrides focused on the synthesis and characterization of high weight capacity materials that contain well-defined chemical moieties, in particular, alanates (i.e., AlH 4 -, AlH 6 3-), amides/imides (NH 2 -/NH -2 ) and borohydrides (BH 4 -). Early on in the MHCoE, work was performed on the alanates (i.e., NaAlH 4 , Na 2 LiAlH 6 , K 2 LiAlH 6 , etc.)…”

“…Compression can be used to increase the energy density with the use of robust pressure vessels; however at the expense of significant weight and cost penalties [2]. For instance, analysis of 35 MPa and 70 MPa Type IV composite cylinders that use high strength carbon fiber (CF) reinforcement to reduce cylinder weight for automotive applications indicates hydrogen system capacities of 5.5 and 5.2 wt.% H 2 and 17.6 and 26.3 g-H 2 /L, at a cost of ~$15/k· Wh and $19/k· Wh, respectively [3,4]. Comparatively, the 70 MPa requires ~10% more CF than the 35 MPa system to withstand the higher pressure which adds an additional ~$3/k· Wh in cost.…”

Gaseous Metal Hydrides MBeH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and M&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;BeH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (M = Li, Na): Quantum Chemical Study of Structure, Vibrational Spectra and Thermodynamic Properties

“…The use of hydrogen as fuel in transport offers the greatest challenge towards system design. The criteria for a practical hydrogen store for mobile applications have been outlined by the U. S. Department of Energy [5].…”