On dielectric and magnetic relaxation phenomena and non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Dielectric properties of human diabetic blood: Thermodynamic characterization and new prospective for alternative diagnostic techniques

“…By starting from nonequilibrium thermodynamic consideration and by introducing the concept of internal hidden variables associated to the internal degree of freedom, Kluitenberg obtained a dielectric relaxation equation that generalizes the above mentioned classical models. [8][9][10] Moreover, we have proved that even fractionary models such as Cole-Cole and others will result as particular case of the extended Kluitenberg's introduced by us. This has been possible because Prof. Kluitenberg proved that the polarization vector can be split into two parts.…”

“…Thus we assume that the mass density is constant. [8][9][10] It is seen from Eq. (14) that sudden change in P ð1Þ is impossible, while from Eq.…”

“…In other words, we will apply the nonequilibrium thermodynamic approach to the study of a biological system such as blood. [7][8][9] We are conscious of the difficulties to adapt the nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory (which is based also on a model of inert matter) to the very complex phenomena that occur in blood. Nevertheless, we think that this new approach can produce very important results because it provides, from a thermodynamic point of view, new and more detailed information on some processes which occur inside the medium so to determine some physical entities (the more important of which is the entropy production) which can be used as diagnosis and to study the evolution of some pathologies.…”

“…[8][9][10] In the theory it is assumed that the specific entropy (which we indicate with s) has the following functional dependence…”

“…This is the specific free energy and it can be shown [8][9][10] that the condition of isotropy and of linearity of equations of state are fulfilled if it is assumed that f is the sum of two functions…”