“…The negative impacts of renewable energy on CO 2 emissions have been proved by many studies, such as Bilgili, Koçak, and Bulut (2016) and Paramati, Mo, and Gupta (2017). Meanwhile, natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel (Dong et al, 2017; Ren, Lu, Cheng, Shi, & Shen, 2019). Although there is no consensus about the impacts of natural gas, that is, some scholars, like Saboori and Sulaiman (2013) and Ahmad et al (2016), claimed that natural gas has positive influences on the CO 2 emissions; other scholars, like Dong et al (2017), Li and Su (2017), and Dong, Sun, and Dong (2018) found that natural gas negatively affects the CO 2 emissions.…”