“…In [49] (and further in [53,54]) it is shown that when three-form fluxes are turned on in F-theory compactifications, rank-one fermion mass matrices receive corrections, leading to masses for lighter generations and CKM mixing. Flipped SU (5) [20,62,35,57,59,58], as well as some examples of SO(10) F-theory models [20,39,40] were also considered. Many of these models predict exotic states below the unification scale, and the renormalization group (RG) analysis of gauge coupling unification including the effect of such states and flux effects has been discussed in a series of papers [43]- [48,69].…”