“…[17] The external object may take many forms, neutrons, electrons, protons, energy waves, ions, etc., and occurs in many environments. Space exploration, solar photodetectors, [18][19][20][21][22] nuclear reactor power generation, and strategic events represent popular circumstances where ionizing radiation threatens the proper function of microelectronic devices. [23][24][25][26][27][28] As the radiation deposits energy along its path through the material, energy can transfer to native atoms, causing the generation of free electrons.…”