On intellectual and developmental disabilities in the United States: A historical perspective

Abstract

The history of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the United States is, in many ways, a triumphant story reflecting an increasingly progressive attitude acknowledging the equality of all persons. The law now recognizes people with IDD as citizens, possessing an equal right to education, health care, and employment-each of which represents milestone victories. However, this progression was not a linear development but rather a product of periods of growth and decline, backsliding, and hard-won battles across political, cultural, and legal domains. This article explores the vacillating historical trajectory for people with IDD in the United States from the colonial period to the present. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual understanding of disability itself across time periods as that which informs particular developments in treatment, law, and social status. The capabilities approach, as outlined by Martha Nussbaum, is then brought to bear as a heuristic framework, consonant with current developments in disability studies, and which may guide future social and legislative action.

Top Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Navigating the Needs of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

“…In the United States, many of the protections arise from a history of gross mistreatment and abuse in various institutions across multiple states. 29,30 All people, including those with ID, have a fundamental human right to education and proper care. 31 These rights were denied to people with ID for many years and overt and unconscious discrimination against people with ID continues today (see tip #3).…”

Bodily health and bodily integrity capabilities of students with autism spectrum disorder

“…It can be considered a tool for overcoming the barriers toward the right to education for persons with disabilities. Conrad (2020) points out that Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach is consistent with current developments in disability studies and could guide an action plan for future legislation on the rights of people with disabilities.…”

The Journey of Humanizing Care for People With Disabilities

“…The law now recognizes people with IDD as citizens, possessing an equal right to education, health care, and employment—each of which represent milestone victories. (Conrad, 2018)…”