On intelligence II: A neo‐Spearman model to replace Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence

Abstract

o r w a yUndheim, J. 0.: On intelligence 11: A neo-Spearman model to replace Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Scandinavian journal of Psychology, 1981,22, 181-187. While many empirical studies now support second-order simple structure factor analytic distinctions consistent with Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence, the hierarchical order analyses carried out in the present study show that these factors are structured so as to suggest a neo-Spearman hierarchical model where fluid intelligence is equivalent to a general intelligence factor and broad group factors of verbal-educational knowledge, speediness, and visualization appear. The two models have different implications regarding the status of the fluid and crystallized "intelligence" factors and the relationship between them.

The relation between fluid intelligence and the general factor as a function of cultural background: A test of Cattell's Investment theory

“…The equality of g and Gf also has been demonstrated empirically in a series of studies in which a higher-order g-factor has been shown to have a perfect relationship with the Gf-factor (e. g., Gustafsson, 1984Gustafsson, , 1988Gustafsson, , 1994Gustafsson, , 2002Undheim, 1981;Undheim & Gustafsson, 1987). Since Gf is identified in an invariant manner, it follows that g too is invariantly defined as an apex factor in the CHC model.…”

“…The question about non-invariance of the g-factor has been approached in yet another way, which may be regarded as an extension of Spearman's theoretically based approach to the identification of g. Undheim (1981) and Gustafsson (1984) argued that the characteristics of the g-factor as described by Spearman (1904Spearman ( , 1927 agree so well with the characteristics of the Gf-factor as described by Horn & Cattell (1966), that g and Gf should be considered to be one and the same factor. The equality of g and Gf also has been demonstrated empirically in a series of studies in which a higher-order g-factor has been shown to have a perfect relationship with the Gf-factor (e. g., Gustafsson, 1984Gustafsson, , 1988Gustafsson, , 1994Gustafsson, , 2002Undheim, 1981;Undheim & Gustafsson, 1987).…”

The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized

“…Probably as a result of these complications, some have suggested (e.g., Gustafsson, 1984;Undheim, 1981) that Cattell's crystallized intelligence is equivalent to Vernon's v:ed factor. This study, however, makes clear that this is not the case.…”

Individual differences in cognition: British contributions over a century

“…Only Guilford (1956), of the major psychometric intelligence theorists, fails to be included (Gustafsson, 1984). Thus, whether one examines the analyses of diverse mental test batteries given to large, discrete samples of participants (Bickley, Keith, & Wol e, 1995;Carretta & Ree, 1995;Gustafsson, 1984;Undheim, 1981aUndheim, , 1981b, or considers Carroll's (1993) standardized reanalyses of hundreds of mental test data sets gathered throughout the 20th century, the result is similar: human mental ability differences show near universal positive correlations; the packets of covariance in a heterogeneous mental test battery given to a broad sample of adults or children can be arranged into correlated group factors; and a g factor can be extracted that accounts for around 50% of the variance among individuals. Gustafsson referred to 'this unifying model' of mental abilities (p. 193) and summarized its characteristics as follows:…”