On IPv4 transfer markets: Analyzing reported transfers and inferring transfers in the wild

Livadariu, Ioana; Elmokashfi, Ahmed; Dhamdhere, Amogh

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2017.07.012

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…• To understand the IPv4 address transfer market, we use the RIR transfer statistics as well as pricing data from four large brokers, see §3. We find that prices have doubled since 2016, yet they are significantly lower than expected given predictions from a previous study [56]. Today, the average market price per IPv4 address, regardless of the RIR, lies around $22.50 with little variance.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…The IP address trading market is not yet widely discussed in the research world, as practical relevance became only apparent with the global IPv4 depletion. Livadariu et al [56], in 2017, characterized the evolution of RIR allocations and transfers. Using the few publicly disclosed transactions, they proposed a model to predict the value of the IPv4 address market.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When wells run dry

Prehn

Lichtblau

Feldmann

2020

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies

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With the recent IPv4 address exhaustion, many networks can no longer rely on requesting additional IPv4 addresses space. They resort to new ways to obtain addresses: buying and leasing. In this paper, we first shed light on the recent economic trends of the IPv4 buying market by augmenting transfer statistics with public and private pricing information from four large IPv4 brokers. We infer the size of the IPv4 leasing market through two different data sources: routing information observed from BGP collectors and RDAP databases operated by the Regional Internet Registries. We find that neither of those sources alone is capable of estimating the full market size. We relate our findings to discussions with 13 IPv4 brokers and summarize how networks handle their demand for obtaining IPv4 addresses in 2020.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

When wells run dry

Prehn

Lichtblau

Feldmann

2020

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies

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show abstract

“…Mueller et al [32,33] used the list of published transfers to analyze the emerging IPv4 transfer market by quantifying the amount of legacy allocations exchanged on the markets and the impact of the need-based policies on the utilization of the transferred blocks. Livadariu et al [23] provided a comprehensive study on the IPv4 transfer market evolution, the exchanged IPv4 blocks, and the impact on the routing table and IPv6 adoption. The authors also proposed a method for inferring IP transfers from publicly available data, i.e., routing advertisements, DNS names, RIR allocation and assignment data.…”

Section: Ip Transfer Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive and Active Measurement

2020

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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The depletion of the unallocated address space in combination with the slow pace of IPv6 deployment have given rise to the IPv4 transfer market, namely the trading of allocated IPv4 prefixes between ASes. While RIRs have established detailed transfer policies in an effort to regulate the IPv4 transfer market for malicious networks such as spammers and bulletproof ASes, IPv4 transfers pose an opportunity to bypass reputational penalties of abusive behavior since they can obtain "clean" IPv4 address space or offload blacklisted address space. Additionally, IP transfers create a window of uncertainty about legitimate ownership of prefixes, which leads to inconsistencies in WHOIS records and ROA objects. In this paper we provide the first detailed study of how transferred IPv4 prefixes are misused in the wild by synthesizing an array of longitudinal IP blacklists, honeypot data, and AS reputation lists compiled through hijack detection. Our findings yield evidence that the transferred network blocks are used by malicious networks to address botnets and fraudulent sites in much higher rates compared to non-transferred addresses, while the timing of the attacks indicate efforts to evade filtering mechanisms.

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“…Perkembangan internet yang semakin pesat, maka kebutuhan akan jumlah alamat juga makin besar. Ini membuat jumlah alamat pada IPv4 semakin menipis (Livadariu, Elmokashfi, & Dhamdhere, 2017).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Kompasrasi Unjuk Kerja Aplikasi File Transfer Protocol dengan MPLS pada Jaringan IPv4 dan IPv6

Putri

Cobantoro

Arifin

2019

j. pilar. teknologi. j. ilm. ilm ilm. tek.

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The number of devices using the IPv4 protocol has greatly increased. The IPv4 protocol is out of date because it no longer has the ability to support so many devices. The development of IPv6 as a future protocol to replace IPv4 is still ongoing. With an address space of 128 bits, IPv6 increases the number of available IP addresses. This study describes a simulation of Multi Protocol Label Swicthing (MPLS) network performance in a comparison between IPv4 and IPv6. The parameters observed were QoS, including delay, throughput and transfer time. The results of the analysis carried out showed that network differences have different effects on the parameter values of delay, throughput and transfer time. On MPLS IPv6 networks, the delay is smaller than MPLS IPv4 networks. For throughput and transfer time, IPv6 is also superior to IPv4.

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On IPv4 transfer markets: Analyzing reported transfers and inferring transfers in the wild

Cited by 17 publications

References 3 publications

When wells run dry

When wells run dry

Passive and Active Measurement

Kompasrasi Unjuk Kerja Aplikasi File Transfer Protocol dengan MPLS pada Jaringan IPv4 dan IPv6

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