On-line measurements of gaseous nitro-organic compounds in diesel vehicle exhaust by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry

Inomata, Satoshi; Tanimoto, Hiroshi; Fujitani, Yuji; Sekimoto, Kanako; Sato, Kei; Fushimi, Akihiro; Hori, Shingo; Kumazawa, Yasuko; Shimono, Akio; Hikida, Toshihide

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.035

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Although this comparison ignores the existence of NO 2 sources other than diesel engines in the GTA, this is nevertheless a factor of approximately 2 higher than the upper end of emission ratios for the measurements reported by Inomata et al (2015). Still, based on the limited number of diesel engines investigated by Inomata et al (2013), it cannot be ruled out that direct emissions to some extent contributed to the 4-nitrophenol concentrations we observed.…”

Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 39%

“…The emission factors reported by Inomata et al (2015) for 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol are between a factor of 45 and 500 lower than the average emission factor of 4-nitrophenol reported by Inomata et al (2013) for the engine with the highest 4-nitrophenol emission factor, while on average our measured 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol concentrations are only a factor of 7 lower than the 4-nitrophenol concentrations. For 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol, the difference is even larger: the emission factors are between a factor of 65 and 625 lower than for 4-nitrophenol, while our measured concentrations differ on average by only a factor of 2.5.…”

Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…However, 4-nitrophenol and two methyl nitrophenol isomers have been found in exhaust from diesel-powered vehicles (Inomata et al, 2013(Inomata et al, , 2015 and the possibility of contributions from direct emissions has to be considered. The average ratios of 4-nitrophenol over NO x volume mixing ratios calculated from the results reported by Inomata et al (2013) range from approximately 5 × 10 −5 for the engine with the highest 4-nitrophenol emissions to 7.5 × 10 −8 for the engine with the lowest emissions. The average ratio of 4-nitrophenol over NO x for our measurements is 9.5 × 10 −5 on a molar basis with an error of the mean of 0.2 × 10 −5 .…”

Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reported values for 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol are in the range of 0.32 to 11.4 µg km −1 for diesel engines and were below the quantification limits for gasoline engines. 4-Nitrophenol has also been found in the gas phase of diesel engine exhaust at highly variable levels (Inomata et al, 2013) corresponding to emissions factors ranging from effectively 0 to hundreds of µg km −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient secondary organic aerosols in Toronto

et al. 2015

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Abstract.A method to quantify concentrations and stable carbon isotope ratios of secondary organic aerosols has been applied to study atmospheric nitrophenols in Toronto, Canada. The sampling of five nitrophenols, all with substantial secondary formation from the photooxidation of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), was conducted in the gas phase and particulate matter (PM) together and in PM alone. Their concentrations in the atmosphere are in the low ng m −3 range and, consequently, a large volume of air (> 1000 m 3 ) is needed to analyze samples for stable carbon isotope ratios, resulting in sampling periods of typically 24 h. While this extended sampling period increases the representativeness of average values, it at the same time reduces possibilities to identify meteorological conditions or atmospheric pollution levels determining nitrophenol concentrations and isotope ratios.Average measured carbon isotope ratios of the different nitrophenols are between −34 and −33 ‰, which is well within the range predicted by mass balance. However, the observed carbon isotope ratios cover a range of nearly 9 ‰ and approximately 20 % of the isotope ratios of the products have isotope ratios lower than predicted from the kinetic isotope effect of the first step of the reaction mechanism and the isotope ratio of the precursor. This can be explained by isotope fractionation during reaction steps following the initial reaction of the precursor VOCs with the OH radical.Limited evidence for local production of nitrophenols is observed since sampling was done in the Toronto area, an urban center with significant anthropogenic emission sources. Strong evidence for significant local formation of nitrophenols is only found for samples collected in summer. On average, the difference in carbon isotope ratios between nitrophenols in the particle phase and in the gas phase is insignificant, but for a limited number of observations in summer, a substantial difference is observed. This indicates that at high OH radical concentrations, photochemical formation or removal of nitrophenols can be faster than exchange between the two phases.The dependence between the concentrations and isotope ratios of the nitrophenols and meteorological conditions as well as pollution levels (NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 and CO) demonstrate that the influence of precursor concentrations on nitrophenol concentrations is far more important than the extent of photochemical processing. While it cannot be excluded that primary emissions contribute to the observed levels of nitrophenols, overall the available evidence demonstrates that secondary formation is the dominant source for atmospheric nitrophenols in Toronto.

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Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 39%

Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 48%

Section: Overview Of Measured Carbon Isotope Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient secondary organic aerosols in Toronto

et al. 2015

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“…The N‐compounds in diesel fuel, although present at low concentration levels (mg/L), are still a concern because they have various undesirable properties during its refining process and throughout its usage that affect the stability of the refined products. For example, N‐compounds affect color and gum formation , reduce the efficiency of the hydrotreating process due to catalyst poisoning , often cause air pollution and have carcinogenic and mutagenic activities as well as the toxicity and are precursors of nitrogen oxides, which are responsible for air pollution and contribute to environmental contamination .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of nitrogen compounds in diesel fuel samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry

et al. 2015

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Although several methods for the analysis of nitrogen compounds in diesel fuel have been described in the literature, the demand for rapid, sensitive, and robust analyses has increased in recent years. In this study, a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic method was developed for the identification and quantification of nitrogen compounds in diesel fuel samples. The quantification was performed using the standard addition method and the analysis was conducted using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with fast quadrupole mass spectrometry. This study is the first to report quantification of nitrogen compounds in diesel fuel samples using the standard addition method without fractionation. This type of analysis was previously performed using many laborious separation steps, which can lead to errors and losses. The proposed method shows good linearity for target nitrogen compounds evaluated (m-toluidine, 4-ethylaniline, indole, 7-methylindole, 7-ethylindole, carbazole, isoquinoline, 4-methylquinoline, benzo[h]quinolone, and acridine) over a range from 0.05 to 2.0 mg/L, and limits of detection and quantification of <0.06 and 0.16 mg/L, respectively, for all nitrogen compounds studied.

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TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease

2016

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Environmental pollutant exposures are major risk factors for adverse health outcomes, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans. Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the major harmful components of traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to DE affects several physiological systems, including the airways, and pulmonary diseases are increased in highly populated urban areas. Hence, there are urgent needs to (1) create newer and lesser polluting fuels, (2) improve exhaust aftertreatments and reduce emissions, and (3) understand mechanisms of actions for toxic effects of both conventional and cleaner diesel fuels on the lungs. These steps could aid the development of diagnostics and interventions to prevent the negative impact of traffic-related air pollution on the pulmonary system. Exhaust from conventional, and to a lesser extent, clean fuels, contains particulate matter (PM) and more than 400 additional chemical constituents. The major toxic constituents are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM and PAHs could potentially act via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we will first discuss the associations between DE from conventional as well as clean fuel technologies and acute and chronic airway inflammation. We will then review possible activation and/or potentiation of TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels by PM and PAHs. Finally, we will discuss and summarize recent findings on the mechanisms whereby TRPs could control the link between DE and airway inflammation, which is a primary determinant leading to pulmonary disease.

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On-line measurements of gaseous nitro-organic compounds in diesel vehicle exhaust by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient secondary organic aerosols in Toronto

Stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient secondary organic aerosols in Toronto

Quantification of nitrogen compounds in diesel fuel samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry

TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease

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