In this paper we show that if θ is a T -design of an association scheme (Ω, R), and the Krein parameters q h i,j vanish for some h ∈ T and all i, j ∈ T , then θ consists of precisely half of the vertices of (Ω, R) or it is a T ′ -design, where |T ′ | > |T |. We then apply this result to various problems in finite geometry. In particular, we show for the first time that nontrivial m-ovoids of generalised octagons of order (s, s 2 ) are hemisystems, and hence no m-ovoid of a Ree-Tits octagon can exist. We give short proofs of similar results for (i) partial geometries with certain order conditions; (ii) thick generalised quadrangles of order (s, s 2 ); (iii) the dual polar spaces DQ(2d, q), DW(2d − 1, q) and DH(2d − 1, q 2 ), for d 3; (iv) the Penttila-Williford scheme. In the process of (iv), we also consider a natural generalisation of the Penttila-Williford scheme in Q − (2n − 1, q), n 3.