Wells in groundwater aquifers are used in cyclic injection-extraction processes, otherwise named push-pull processes, in a variety of applications related to the storage of water of some particular quality (Dillon et al., 2019). Examples include fresh water supplies that are of drinking or irrigation quality, and hot or cold water to be used for indoor heating or cooling. Water that is stored in an open environment, such as within a dam or reservoir, will interact with the atmosphere and surface runoff, thereby gradually diminishing its thermal quality through heat exchange, and its chemical quality through contamination with environmental aerosols, soluble gases, and runoff of marginal quality. This has led to a pressing need for research into efficient means of large capacity seasonal thermal (Rad & Fung, 2016) and freshwater (Missimer et al., 1992) storage, amongst which geological storage exhibits the most immediate economic potential and technological feasibility (Missimer, 2012;Xu et al., 2014). Confined groundwater aquifers, which permit minimal interaction between groundwater and the external environment (e.g., the vadose zone and the atmosphere), are increasingly being used as geological storage vessels for water. Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES; Fleuchaus et al., 2018) and Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR; Pyne, 2017) are two aquifer storage technologies currently in widespread usage for the storage of heat and freshwater, respectively.A crucial performance metric of an aquifer storage system is the recovery efficiency of the injected solutes or thermal gradient, which is the fraction of injected solutes or heat that can be recovered at the end of a storage cycle. During the injection and extraction phases, solutes and/or heat spread around the injected water front due to hydrodynamic dispersion processes. Local hydrodynamic dispersion, which governs the rate of dispersive losses, comprises the flow velocity-dependent mechanical dispersion, and the flow velocity-independent molecular or thermal diffusion (for solutes and heat, respectively). For storage systems in homogeneous aquifers, Tang and van der Zee (2021) recently analyzed the dependence of the recovery efficiency on hydrodynamic dispersion parameters, well operational parameters, and flow field geometry. In heterogeneous aquifers, with a spatially