On microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and corrosion properties of wire arc additive manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel: Effect of the inter-layer temperature

Salahi, Salar; Nemani, Alireza Vahedi; Ghaffari, Mahya; Lunde, Jonas; Nasiri, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102157

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Figure 11(b1-2) shows the inverse pole figure (IPF) maps taken from the columnar and refined prior austenite zones, manifesting a comparatively fine lath-like martensitic microstructure in random crystallographic orientation throughout the sample. Such morphology is commonly observed in additively manufactured carbon steel [32] and martensitic stainless steel [33]. In each layer deposition and subsequent solidification, prior austenite grains (PAGs) grow towards the maximum heat flow direction from the solid-liquid interface [34].…”

Section: Grain Morphology Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Wang,

Diao,

Taylor

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Abstract300 M ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) is widely used to produce landing gear components for aircraft. The conventional manufacturing route for these components involves extensive machining and significant material wastage. Here, the application of wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing to produce 300 M UHSS parts was investigated. In particular, the influence of torch shielding atmosphere on the process stability and material performance of 300 M UHSS was investigated. The shielding gases used for comparison are pure Ar, Ar with 2.5% CO2, Ar with 8% CO2, Ar with 20% CO2, and Ar with 2% CO2 and 38% He. It was found that the arc length decreased, the transfer mode changed from spray to droplet mode, and spattering became more severe as the CO2 proportion increased. Additionally, replacing Ar with He led to a broader arc core, and a slightly shorter arc length and maintained a spray transfer, which decreased spatter. The wall surface roughness followed the trend in spatter, becoming worse with the increasing CO2 proportion, and better with He addition. Adding CO2 and He in pure Ar significantly increased the bead and wall width. The microstructure and mechanical properties exhibited a strong location dependence in the as-built state, with fresh martensite and higher strength in the top region, and tempered martensite and better ductility in the reheated bulk. Generally, torch shielding gas composition appeared to have no significant effect on the microstructure evolution. This study provides a reference for the subsequent application of gas metal arc additive manufacturing to aircraft landing gear mass production to achieve a high deposition rate and process stability simultaneously.

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Section: Grain Morphology Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Wang,

Diao,

Taylor

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…Addi tionally, in high-angle misorientation, the number of active slip systems decreased, result ing in the slower movement of dislocations and reduction in plastic deformation, and fi nally increased strength [93]. The texture of the fabricated samples depends on the tem perature, temperature gradient (G), and the cooling rate (R) observed during the SLM process [94]. Fine martensitic crystals were formed due to higher cooling rates, and the obtained crystallographic structures were oriented in the (110) <111> direction, which is in line with the observations of Khodabakshi et al [95], in a study in which the crystallo graphic planes of 410 stainless steel were oriented in similar directions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of 06Cr15Ni4CuMo Processed by Using Selective Laser Melting

Maya

Sivaprasad

Kumar

et al. 2022

Metals

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A new class of martensitic stainless steel, namely 06Cr15Ni4CuMo, with applications in marine engineering, was processed by using selective laser melting (SLM). A body-centered cubic martensitic microstructure was observed, and the microstructure was compared with wrought 410 martensitic stainless steel. The SLM-processed sample showed a hardness of 465 ± 10 HV0.5, which was nearly 115 HV0.5 less than the wrought counterpart. Similarly, the SLM-processed sample showed improved YS and UTS, compared with the wrought sample. However, reduced ductility was observed in the SLM-processed sample due to the presence of high dislocation density in these samples. In addition, 71% volume high-angle grain boundaries were observed, corroborating the high strength of the material. The corrosion behavior was investigated in seawater, and the corrosion resistance was found to be 0.025 mmpy for the SLM-processed 06Cr15Ni4CuMo steel and 0.030 mmpy for wrought 410 alloys, showing better corrosion resistance in the SLM-processed material.

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“…In this context, XZ plane of the as-build martensitic SS led to the development of a strong texture characterized by {110} planes, which represent high-density close-packed crystallographic planes within the martensitic structure featuring a BCC lattice. 50 These exposed {110} planes exhibited the highest corrosion resistance when subjected to a NaCl solution. Such high-density close-packed planes play a vital role in promoting passivity and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the alloy.…”

Section: (4) Corrosion Of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Such high-density close-packed planes play a vital role in promoting passivity and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the alloy. 50 In a comprehensive study by Wang et al, 38 the influence of the building direction on the corrosion characteristics of 316L stainless steel was thoroughly examined. The research revealed 38 that the top surface, which is perpendicular to the building direction (also known as the scanning direction/traverse direction plane), exhibited the highest resistance to pitting corrosion.…”

Section: (4) Corrosion Of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 In addition, lower interlayer temperature led to inferior corrosion resistance, primarily due to Cr-depletion and texturing preferences. 50 Microstructural imperfections and heterogeneities such as detrimental phases, porosity and impurities were found to be detrimental to fatigue corrosion resistance. 29 In the case of 316L stainless steel, a commonly used steel alloy in WAAM, it was observed that d-Fe had inferior corrosion resistance compared to the g-Fe matrix, triggering micro-galvanic corrosion in the fabricated alloy.…”

Section: (4) Corrosion Of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Corrosion response of steels fabricated through arc directed energy deposition additive manufacturing: a review

Morshed-Behbahani,

Nasiri

2024

Mater. Horiz.

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On microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and corrosion properties of wire arc additive manufactured 420 martensitic stainless steel: Effect of the inter-layer temperature

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Investigation of 300M ultra-high-strength steel deposited by wire-based gas metal arc additive manufacturing

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of 06Cr15Ni4CuMo Processed by Using Selective Laser Melting

Corrosion response of steels fabricated through arc directed energy deposition additive manufacturing: a review

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