On optimum alloying of high-vanadium, high-speed steel

Shtremel, M. A.; Karabasova, L. V.; Chizhikov, Vladimir; Vodeniktov, S. I.

doi:10.1007/bf02465798

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Picric acid solution (1) and selective enchants (2,3) [1,15] were utilized for microstructure investigations with SEM and LOM. The electrical potential was maintained at 3 V. The extracted carbides were separated from the electrolyte by filtering and then they were rinsed in phosphoric acid solution (6) to remove all remaining metallic phases. The volume fractions of retained austenite, lattice parameters of martensite, as well as types of extracted carbides, were investigated by x-ray diffraction with Cu-K K radiation.…”

Section: Reprintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Niobium Alloyed PM‐Tool Steel

Pavlíčková

Vojtěch

Novák

et al. 2004

Instrumentation Science & Technology

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This work describes carbides present in the tool steel containing 2.5% C, 3.3% Si, 6.2% Cr, 2.2% Mo, 2.6% V, 2.6% Nb, 1.0% W, prepared by the powder metallurgy (PM) process. The influence of thermal treatment conditions on carbide behavior is investigated. During austenitization, some dissolution of M 7 C 3 occurs, while MC carbides are thermally stable. So, the quenched steel is composed of two types of carbides: chromium rich M 7 C 3 and niobium rich MC, besides martensite and retained austenite. During tempering of the hardened steel at the temperatures above 4808C, the precipitation of very fine carbides and martensite recovery occur, which results in secondary hardening. Precipitated particles are predominantly vanadium and molybdenum rich MC, M 2 C, and M 6 C carbides.

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Section: Reprintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Niobium Alloyed PM‐Tool Steel

Pavlíčková

Vojtěch

Novák

et al. 2004

Instrumentation Science & Technology

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“…The reduced activation energy plays a prominent role in diffusion process. [31][32][33] Diffusion during MA is a dynamic process where the inter diffusion layer is continuously broken by alloying process thus providing new surfaces for the diffusion. During MA there is a huge reduction in grain (crystallite) size up to certain milling time and it saturates on further milling.…”

Section: Sem Tem and Eds Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on alloying process of a ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powders

Rajulapati¹,

Prakash²,

Laha³

et al. 2016

Powder Metallurgy

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Ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened steel with a nominal composition of Fe-9Cr-2W-0.2Ti-0.12C-0.35Y 2 O 3 was produced by mechanical alloying in a high energy horizontal Simoloyer attritor. Powder samples were collected at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 h and analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis. The alloying elements (Cr and W) got dissolved in the matrix in 7 h milled powder. Crystallite size decreased rapidly with milling time up to 5 h milling and reached a stable size of ∼12 nm after 7 h, whereas strain and lattice parameter were found to increase with milling time. The particle size increased up to 2 h milling and then decreased with milling time. A fine and uniform particle size of ∼25 nm was obtained after 7 h milling. The alloying process and distribution of alloying elements/Y 2 O 3 is studied in the present work.

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“…Modern software creates the illusion that it is possible to obtain any volume of data of any accuracy from any measurement. Automatized means have been created for measuring and controlling the experiment and for direct input of the information in a digital form and processing it in the real time mode.Although the first measurements of the microrelief of two halves of a fracture, which give the history of crack propagation after "subtraction," were made manually [7,8], in time a three-dimensional laser profilograph was created [9] that puts into a computer a three-dimensional picture of the surface with a resolution of 5 p.m over each coordinate. However, the results will not reflect the actual reality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the first measurements of the microrelief of two halves of a fracture, which give the history of crack propagation after "subtraction," were made manually [7,8], in time a three-dimensional laser profilograph was created [9] that puts into a computer a three-dimensional picture of the surface with a resolution of 5 p.m over each coordinate. This allowed us to study the evolution of the surface relief in the process of crack propagation in stretching due to merging of the neck pores [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer technologies in metal science

Krupin¹,

Kudrya²,

Melnichenko³

1999

Met Sci Heat Treat

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The rapid growth of computer power, the possibilities of software, and the volume of data bases have increased the role of information technologies in applied sciences and production. Thirty-years of experience in using computers at the Department of Metals Science and Strength Physics of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys allows us to consider trends in the advancement of computer methods in metal science for research, production, and training students.One traditional field of computer applications consists of the processing of experimental data. Modern software creates the illusion that it is possible to obtain any volume of data of any accuracy from any measurement. For example, numerical methods can be used to break any curve into any number of "peaks" with specified coordinates. However, the results will not reflect the actual reality. An experiment always gives a value of some quantity at a finite number of points with an inevitable random error at each point. These errors are "inherited" in errors of the final values, placing a limit; processing makes sense only when the parameters found exceed their own error. This statement of the problem leads to the principle of maximum likelihood, which guarantees minimum random errors of the result. With allowance for the possible limits in analyzing spectra [1], it became possible to create effective programs for separating components in multiplets of x-ray diffraction lines for analyzing the biphase decomposition of martensite [2] and then more complex M6ssbauer spectra [3] and, finally, for solving the problem of the distribution function of orientations in analyzing textures with the corresponding optimum design of experiment [4,5]. In this multi-dimensional problem the method of maximum likelihood allowed researchers to find the possible limits in measuring textures depending on the laboriousness of the photography.I The authors and the collective of the department express their gratitude to S. G. Babakov for many years of work on introducing computer technologies. 168Specifically+ an analysis of M6ssbauer spectra has shown that carbon martensite at room temperature possesses a strong close-range order when pairs of carbon atoms occupy adjacent octahedral interstices [3]. The structure of multiplets in diffractometry has been used to study self-tempering in quenching, the biphase decomposition in low-temperature tempering and cold deformation, and the effect of alloying and heat treatment on the decomposition of martensite [6].Microprocessor equipment has made it possible to create methods of study that had been impossible earlier because of the volume and laboriousness of "manual" measurements and subsequent preparation of the data for computer processing. Automatized means have been created for measuring and controlling the experiment and for direct input of the information in a digital form and processing it in the real time mode.Although the first measurements of the microrelief of two halves of a fracture, which give the history of crack propagation a...

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On optimum alloying of high-vanadium, high-speed steel

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Influence of Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Niobium Alloyed PM‐Tool Steel

Influence of Thermal Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Niobium Alloyed PM‐Tool Steel

Studies on alloying process of a ferritic/martensitic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel prepared by mechanical alloying of elemental powders

Computer technologies in metal science

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