A new family of polynomials, called cumulant polynomial sequence, and its extension to the multivariate case is introduced relied on a purely symbolic combinatorial method. The coefficients are cumulants, but depending on what is plugged in the indeterminates, also moment sequences can be recovered. The main tool is a formal generalization of random sums, when a not necessarily integer-valued multivariate random index is considered. Applications are given within parameter estimations, Lévy processes and random matrices and, more generally, problems involving multivariate functions. The connection between exponential models and multivariable Sheffer polynomial sequences offers a different viewpoint in employing the method. Some open problems end the paper.