On Pseudorabies in Carnivores in Denmark

Bitsch, V.; Munch, Bente

doi:10.1186/bf03547758

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Inflammatory processes in the brain are mainly triggered by a variety of infectious agents. Known viruses in carnivores, in addition to rabies virus (RABV) (family Rhabdoviridae ) ( 1 ) and canine distemper virus (CDV) (family Paramyxoviridae ) ( 2 , 3 ), include members of the families of Flaviviridae ( 4 ), Herpesviridae ( 5 , 6 ), Bornaviridae ( 7 , 8 ), Parvoviridae ( 9 ), and Circoviridae ( 10 ). Non-viral infectious agents that can also cause inflammations in the brain are for instance Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) ( 11 – 13 ), T. gondii ( 14 ), and N. caninum ( 15 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

et al. 2022

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Inflammation in meninges and/or brain is regularly noticed in red foxes and other wild carnivores during rabies control programs. Despite negative rabies virus (RABV) results, the etiologies of these cases remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide an overview of the occurrence of pathogens that may cause diseases in the brains of wild carnivores and pose a risk to humans and other animals. In addition to RABV and canine distemper virus (CDV), a variety of pathogens, including members of Flaviviridae, Bornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Circoviridae, as well as bacteria and parasites can also cause brain lesions. In 2016 and 2017, brain samples of 1,124 wild carnivores were examined by direct fluorescent antibody test for RABV as well as (reverse-transcriptase) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CDV as part of a monitoring program in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Here, we applied similar methods to specifically detect suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), West Nile virus (WNV), Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), fox circovirus (FoxCV), and Neospora caninum (N. caninum). Further, bacteriogical examination for the existence of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and immunohistochemistry of selected cases to detect Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antigen were performed. Of all pathogens studied, CDV was found most frequently (31.05%), followed by FoxCV (6.80%), CPV-2 (6.41%), T. gondii (4/15; 26.67%), nematode larvae (1.51%), L. monocytogenes (0.3%), and various other bacterial pathogens (1.42%). In 68 of these cases (6.05%), multiple pathogen combinations were present simultaneously. However, RABV, WNV, BoDV-1, SuHV-1, CaHV-1, and N. caninum were not detected. The majority of the histopathological changes in 440 animals were inflammation (320/440; 72.73%), predominantly non-suppurative in character (280/320; 87.50%), and in many cases in combination with gliosis, satellitosis, neuronophagia, neuronal necrosis, and/or vacuolization/demyelination, or in single cases with malacia. Thus, it could be shown that wild carnivores in Saxony-Anhalt are carriers mainly for CDV and sometimes also for other, partly zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, the existing monitoring program should be expanded to assess the spill-over risk from wild carnivores to humans and other animals and to demonstrate the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of these zoonotic pathogens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

et al. 2022

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“…Although PrV spillover infections are observed most commonly in farm dogs, in recent years cases of PrV in hunting dogs after direct contact with wild boars have been repeatedly reported from Europe [ 20 , 26 – 33 ], the United States [ 34 – 36 ] and China [ 37 ]. PrV infections have also been reported in wildlife [ 38 ] including farmed and free-living foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) [ 39 – 42 ], endangered carnivores such as the Florida panther ( Puma concolor couguar ) [ 43 ], grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) [ 44 – 46 ], Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) [ 47 ], African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) [ 48 ] and captive brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) [ 49 ] after consumption of PrV-contaminated meat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 of wild boar origin as a recent source of Aujeszky’s disease in carnivores in Germany

Freuling

Hlinak²,

Schulze³

et al. 2023

Virol J

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Background The high susceptibility of carnivores to Suid Alphaherpesvirus 1 [SuAHV1, synonymous pseudorabies virus (PrV)], renders them inadvertent sentinels for the possible occurrence of Aujeszky’s disease (AD) in domestic and wild swine populations. The aim of this study was to epidemiologically analyse the occurrence of PrV infections in domestic and wild animals in Germany during the last three decades and to genetically characterise the causative PrV isolates. Methods PrV in dogs was detected using standard virological techniques including conventional and real time PCR, virus isolation or by immunohistochemistry. Available PrV isolates were characterized by partial sequencing of the open gC reading frame and the genetic traits were compared with those of archived PrV isolates from carnivores and domestic pigs from Germany before the elimination of AD in the domestic pig population. Results During 1995 and 2022, a total of 38 cases of AD in carnivores, e.g. dogs and red foxes, were laboratory confirmed. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of PrV isolates established a strong connection between AD cases in carnivores and the occurrence of PrV infections in European wild boars in the end phase of and after elimination of AD from the domestic pig population. While PrV infections occur at low numbers but regularly in hunting dogs, interestingly, PrV was not observed in grey wolves in Germany. In none of 682 dead-found grey wolves and wolf-dog hybrids tested from Germany during 2006–2022 could PrV infection be detected by molecular means. Conclusions Although PrV has been eliminated from domestic pigs, spillover infections in domestic and wild carnivores should always be expected given the endemic presence of PrV in wild pig populations. Since detection of PrV DNA and virus in carnivores is sporadic even in areas with high seroprevalence of PrV in wild pigs, it may not reflect the full diversity of PrV.

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“…Pseudorabies is also known to cause high mortality in mammalian carnivores (Zhang et al 2015). Although no report has been made in freeranging wildlife, cases of PRV infection caused mortality in a Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in Spain (Masot et al 2016), a Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) in Florida, US (Glass et al 1994), a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark (Bitsch and Munch 1971), and even a wild mouse (Peromyscus sp.) in Illinois, US (Weigel et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Serosurvey for Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) in Free-Range Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) of Brazil

Kmetiuk

Villalobos²,

Lara³

et al. 2020

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Free-ranging wild boars ( Sus scrofa) from two different Brazilian biomes were sampled. Only one of 36 (0.03%) animals tested from central-western Brazil were positive for antibodies against pseudorabies virus (PRV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peccaries and other wildlife species can be exposed to PRV in these areas. In addition, wild boars could have impact on livestock and PRV eradication.

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On Pseudorabies in Carnivores in Denmark

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

Pathogen Screening for Possible Causes of Meningitis/Encephalitis in Wild Carnivores From Saxony-Anhalt

Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 of wild boar origin as a recent source of Aujeszky’s disease in carnivores in Germany

Serosurvey for Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) in Free-Range Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) of Brazil

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