On Recent Large Antarctic Ozone Holes and Ozone Recovery Metrics

Stone, Kane; Solomon, Susan; Kinnison, Douglas E.; Mills, Michael J.

doi:10.1029/2021gl095232

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As noted in Stone et al. (2021), the 2020 ozone hole was among the largest on record in October. From Figures 1 and 2b, it is clear that the 2021 polar ozone anomalies were comparable in magnitude to those found in 2020.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The ozone anomalies are shown with respect to the same base as that period used for extinction. As noted in Stone et al (2021), the 2020 ozone hole was among the largest on record in October.…”

Section: Aerosol Burdens and Ozone Depletion In 2020 And 2021mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Interestingly, the large 2021 ozone hole was preceded by large wintertime ozone anomalies in the middle stratosphere that bear the hallmark of dynamic variability (Figure 2b). The unusual nature of the 2020 and 2021 ozone holes is apparent in their sizes (Stone et al., 2021). It is also apparent in the magnitude of the ozone anomalies with respect to the rest of the OMPS record (Figures 1b and 2b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 2020 and 2021 Antarctic ozone holes were among the largest on record despite the overall trend toward ozone recovery (https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov; Stone et al., 2021). The results shown here reveal that both events were associated with changes in Southern Hemisphere surface climate consistent with the linkages between stratospheric ozone depletion and the large‐scale SH circulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have correspondingly shown that trends in the SAM have paused or slightly reversed (Banerjee et al., 2020; Zambri et al., 2021). Yet the ozone holes of late 2020 and 2021 rate amongst some of the largest on record during October and later months, and they have obscured the overall trend toward recovery of the ozone hole (https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov; Stone et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

Yook

Thompson

Solomon

2022

Geophysical Research Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The radiative effects of polar ozone depletion act to cool and strengthen the stratospheric polar vortex (Randel & Wu, 1999;Waugh et al., 1999), and dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere acts to connect the changes in the stratospheric flow to the surface (Baldwin & Dunkerton, 2001;Thompson et al., 2005). At the surface, the changes in the flow associated with the ozone hole project onto the southern annular mode (Shindell & Schmidt, 2004;Thompson & Solomon, 2002). Thus the ozone hole has been linked to long-term changes in surface climate that span much of the Southern Hemisphere mid and high latitudes.The linkages between the Antarctic ozone hole and the SAM are important for the interpretation of Southern Hemisphere climate change. Over the 1970-1990s, the development of the ozone hole was associated with widespread changes in Southern Hemisphere surface climate that are consistent with forcing by ozone depletion (Thompson et al., 2011). Paleoclimate studies indicate that the resulting changes in the austral summer SAM index are unprecedented over the last thousand years, pointing toward the remarkable role of the ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere climate change (Fogt & Marshall, 2020).In recent years, the Antarctic ozone hole has exhibited signs of healing consistent with recent decreases in anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substances (Solomon et al., 2016). The healing of the ozone hole is apparent when viewed in the context of decades, especially during September when dynamic variability in the vortex is modest (

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Aerosol Burdens and Ozone Depletion In 2020 And 2021mentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

Yook

Thompson

Solomon

2022

Geophysical Research Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

DFT investigations on the mechanisms and kinetics for the DMS + O₃ reaction

Wang

Zhao

Chen

et al. 2023

J of Physical Organic Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The potential energy surface (PES) for the reaction of ozone with dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was calculated at the CCSD(T)/6‐311++G(3df,2pd)//M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) levels of theory. Result shows that on the singlet PES the addition–elimination mechanism is dominant, and H‐abstraction mechanism is less competitive. The major channel starts from the addition of ozone and DMS leading to a weak intermediate IM1, which decomposes subsequently to DMSO and 1O2 via a barrier around 38.8 kJ/mol. With a barrier of 64.0 kJ/mol, the formation of HO3 + CH3SCH2 via H‐abstraction mechanism is subdominant. Besides, DMSO + 1O2 can take place further reactions to produce several products. The substitution mechanism was located on the triplet PES, however, with a rather high barrier it is negligible. Furthermore, the rate constants for the two channels leading to DMSO + 1O2 and HO3 + CH3SCH2 were calculated from 200 to 1000 K. The total rate constant is 1.13 × 10‐20 cm3·molecule‐1·s‐1 at 298 K and 1 atm, in good agreement with previous experimental data. The overall rate constants are positive temperature dependent in the whole temperature range.

show abstract

Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions

Bernhard

Bais

Aucamp³

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, and climate) on the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The assessment is performed in the context of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its Amendments and Adjustments. Changes in UV radiation at low- and mid-latitudes (0–60°) during the last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing at some sites and decreasing at others) and were mostly driven by changes in cloud cover and atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly by climate change and partly by measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without the Montreal Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) UV irradiance at northern and southern latitudes of less than 50° would have increased by 10–20% between 1996 and 2020. For southern latitudes exceeding 50°, the UV Index (UVI) would have surged by between 25% (year-round at the southern tip of South America) and more than 100% (South Pole in spring). Variability of erythemal irradiance in Antarctica was very large during the last four years. In spring 2019, erythemal UV radiation was at the minimum of the historical (1991–2018) range at the South Pole, while near record-high values were observed in spring 2020, which were up to 80% above the historical mean. In the Arctic, some of the highest erythemal irradiances on record were measured in March and April 2020. For example in March 2020, the monthly average UVI over a site in the Canadian Arctic was up to 70% higher than the historical (2005–2019) average, often exceeding this mean by three standard deviations. Under the presumption that all countries will adhere to the Montreal Protocol in the future and that atmospheric aerosol concentrations remain constant, erythemal irradiance at mid-latitudes (30–60°) is projected to decrease between 2015 and 2090 by 2–5% in the north and by 4–6% in the south due to recovering ozone. Changes projected for the tropics are ≤ 3%. However, in industrial regions that are currently affected by air pollution, UV radiation will increase as measures to reduce air pollutants will gradually restore UV radiation intensities to those of a cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol are also greenhouse gases, the phase-out of these substances may have avoided warming by 0.5–1.0 °C over mid-latitude regions of the continents, and by more than 1.0 °C in the Arctic; however, the uncertainty of these calculations is large. We also assess the effects of changes in stratospheric ozone on climate, focusing on the poleward shift of climate zones, and discuss the role of the small Antarctic ozone hole in 2019 on the devastating “Black Summer” fires in Australia. Additional topics include the assessment of advances in measuring and modeling of UV radiation; methods for determining personal UV exposure; the effect of solar radiation management (stratospheric aerosol injections) on UV radiation relevant for plants; and possible revisions to the vitamin D action spectrum, which describes the wavelength dependence of the synthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin upon exposure to UV radiation. Graphical abstract

show abstract

On Recent Large Antarctic Ozone Holes and Ozone Recovery Metrics

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

DFT investigations on the mechanisms and kinetics for the DMS + O₃ reaction

Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

On Recent Large Antarctic Ozone Holes and Ozone Recovery Metrics

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021

DFT investigations on the mechanisms and kinetics for the DMS + O3 reaction

Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

DFT investigations on the mechanisms and kinetics for the DMS + O₃ reaction