On retrieving sequence from long-term memory.

Indow, Tarow; Togano, Kaworu

doi:10.1037/h0029395

Cited by 70 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…( 7.2) (This has similarities with, but is not identical to, the arguments of Indow and Togano (1970).) 2 Equivalently, the probability of not recalling an additional member is…”

Section: A Simple Model Of Knowledge Recallmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…On the other hand, the square root fit lies outside the limits for very few of the data points. Thus, we cannot reject the possibility that the finite respondent time yields a curve similar, but not identical, to a square root law-especially as Indow and Togano (1970) note that the observational evidence for their inverse n behaviour for the decay term is poor, though there is clear evidence of the decay decreasing with n. So a more general dependence of the decay term could well fit the data at least as well as the square root behaviour. Note, however, that the numbers recalled by our respondents are small (typically under 10) whereas typical category lists involve an order of magnitude larger size; the data reported by Indow and Togano would suggest that respondents would have no difficulty in recalling lists of 10 completely during our telephone surveys.…”

Section: Processes Leading To Power Law Responsementioning

confidence: 95%

“…This could not explain our findings. Indow and Togano (1970) extend the Bousfield and Sedgewick model, suggesting that λ varies inversely as n (en route, they suggest that the probability that respondents can find members of the category during some time interval at time t varies as [1 − n c (t)/n], a point we shall refer to below).…”

Section: Processes Leading To Power Law Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, by far the majority of psychological research has been built around the concepts of recency, primacy and salience, with detailed treatments of both response to stimuli (e.g. estimation) and response times when recalling category contents from memory (a classic example of the latter being Indow and Togano, 1970). We have been unable to find examples in any literature which discuss how many items respondents can recall from a list of a given size, or their ability to judge the size of the list (without explicit enumeration being required on the respondent's part).…”

Section: Power Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two interpretations of reports of knowledge of subpopulation sizes

et al. 2003

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“…( 7.2) (This has similarities with, but is not identical to, the arguments of Indow and Togano (1970).) 2 Equivalently, the probability of not recalling an additional member is…”

Section: A Simple Model Of Knowledge Recallmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Processes Leading To Power Law Responsementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Processes Leading To Power Law Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Power Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Two interpretations of reports of knowledge of subpopulation sizes

et al. 2003

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“…Bousfield et al (1954), for example, noted that if recalling an item makes that item more likely to be sampled again (and correspondingly decreases the likelihood that not-yet-retrieved items are sampled), then a hyperbolic growth curve might be expected (cf. Indow & Togano, 1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the dynamics of free recall: An integrative review of the empirical literature

Wixted

Rohrer

1994

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

205

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Relatively few experiments have measured the time course of free recall from episodic or semantic memory. Of those that have, most report that cumulative recall is a negatively accelerated exponential (or hyperbolic) function that is characterized by two properties: asymptotic recall and rate of approach to asymptote. The most common measure of free recall performance (viz., the number of items recalled) provides a reasonably good estimate of asymptotic recall if a relatively long recall period is used (which is rare), but the effect of experimental manipulations on the rate of approach to asymptote cannot be determined without timing when recall responses occur. The research reviewed herein suggests that the rate of approach to asymptote may offer an estimate of the breadth of search through long-term memory. The search in question, unlike most ofthose investigated in the memory literature, is unique in that it requires minutes rather than milliseconds to complete.When subjects attempt to generate items from a semantic category or to recall a recently presented list of words, they do not complete the task in an instant. Instead, their performance is almost invariably characterized by intermittent successes occurring over an extended period of time. In spite of this interesting fact, memory researchers have exhibited an overwhelming preference for recording which (or how many) items are recalled during some brief period of time, regardless of the speed with which those items have been retrieved. Does the time course of free recall offer any useful information about the nature of retrieval? Because this subject is an old one that commands little attention today, one might assume that the answer is no. However, a review of the extant literature, limited as it is, suggests otherwise.Exactly what can be learned that is not already known by studying the dynamics of free recall? First, the studies that have tracked the time course of recall usually reveal that subjects continue to make progress far beyond the 1-or 2-min recall period typically provided. Indeed, Roediger and Thorpe (1978)-to take one example that will be considered in detail later-reported that recall on an episodic memory task continued to increase more than 20 min into the recall period. Moreover, a clear difference in the level of recall between two conditions (easily named pictures vs. words) became evident only after several minutes had elapsed. Had these authors used the standard brief recall period, they might have mistakenly concluded that the two conditions produced equal levels of performance. How often are incorrect conclusions arrived at because the recall period is too brief? The answer is Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to John Wixted, Department of Psychology-OfOs, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. 89 unknown because most researchers simply ignore the potential problem.Second, most of the literature reviewed below suggests that the time course of free recall, like reaction time in the Sternber...

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Recall From Memory

Goldberg

1983

Probability in Social Science

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On retrieving sequence from long-term memory.

Cited by 70 publications

References 21 publications

Two interpretations of reports of knowledge of subpopulation sizes

Two interpretations of reports of knowledge of subpopulation sizes

Analyzing the dynamics of free recall: An integrative review of the empirical literature

Recall From Memory

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