On-Site Confirmatory Test, Film Wrapped Bales, and Shipping Conditions of a Multiple Quarantine Treatment to Control Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Compressed Hay

Yokoyama, Victoria Y.; Miller, Gina T.; Hartsell, Preston L.; Eli, Terry

doi:10.1093/jee/92.5.1206

Cited by 10 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The sum of the copper plate corrosion values from all locations in the freight container was 13 for larvae and 12 for adults (Table 4). These values are similar to those obtained in a conÞrmatory test of the multiple quarantine treatment using bale compression and a 7-d hydrogen phosphide fumigation to control Hessian ßy at the same dosage (Yokoyama et al 1999). The corroded copper plates are a visible veriÞcation that hydrogen phosphide penetrated the compressed bales in all locations in the freight container during the 3-d fumigation.…”

Section: April 2002supporting

confidence: 82%

“…The freight containers were held outdoors during the 3-d fumigation. Temperatures in the freight containers were higher than those reported for fumigations in heated buildings (Yokoyama et al 1996(Yokoyama et al , 1999) that were conducted during cold weather. The recommended temperature for a 3-d fumigation is Ն20ЊC (Degesch America 1990).…”

Section: April 2002mentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The length of the rye straw standard bales used in this investigation was reduced from 122 cm to 56 cm in the tied Þnished bale. Although a higher compressor pressure (105 kg/cm 2 ) was used compared with our earlier work (80 kg/cm 2 ) (Yokoyama et al 1999), the size of the Þnished bale was similar. High compressor pressure is a manufacturing feature of contemporary compressors which expedites the compression process.…”

Section: April 2002mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Research to develop quarantine treatments for exported hay have been based on control of Hessian ßy, Mayetiola destructor (Say), using a combination of bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation (Yokoyama et al 1993a(Yokoyama et al ,b, 1994a(Yokoyama et al ,b, 1996(Yokoyama et al , 1999. The multiple quarantine treatment to control Hessian ßy has been approved and implemented by hay exporters since 1996 (Yokoyama et al 1996(Yokoyama et al , 1999.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The multiple quarantine treatment to control Hessian ßy has been approved and implemented by hay exporters since 1996 (Yokoyama et al 1996(Yokoyama et al , 1999. Therefore, costs to modify treatment procedures to control any new postharvest pest such as cereal leaf beetle would be minimal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bale Compression and Hydrogen Phosphide Fumigation to Control Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Exported Rye Straw

Yokoyama

Miller

2002

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Control of larvae and adults of cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), by bale compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation was studied in rye straw, Secale cereale L., in Aurora, OR. Natural mortality of larvae after transport was 4.0 +/- 1.0% (mean +/- SEM). Compression (105 kg/cm2) of larvae in standard bales (122 cm long) of rye straw resulted in 100% mortality. Compression of adults in standard bales plus storage of the compressed bales (56 cm long) for 1 d in a freight container resulted in 100% mortality. A KD50 of 102 ppm hydrogen phosphide for 1 h was estimated from the probit regression line developed from dose-response data at 21 degrees C in basic laboratory tests. The LD50s and LD99s were 163 and 6,910 ppm for 2-h exposures and were 18 and 42 ppm for 6-h exposures at 21 degrees C, respectively. A tested close of 400 ppm for 24 h at 21 degrees C resulted in 100% mortality of the adults. Larvae (n = 10,560) and adults (n = 18,602) did not survive exposure to bale compression followed by hydrogen phosphide fumigation (60 g/28.3 m3) for 3 d in rye straw loaded in freight containers in large-scale tests. Copper plate corrosion values indicating the severity of exposure to hydrogen phosphide were 13 and 12, and mean temperatures of five locations in the freight container were 25 and 26 degrees C in large-scale tests with the larvae and adults, respectively. Hydrogen phosphide concentrations were > or = 400 ppm throughout the 3-d fumigation for larvae and during the first day of fumigation for adults. We propose that cereal leaf beetle can be controlled by a single treatment of bale compression followed by a 1-d storage period or by a fumigation in which 400 ppm hydrogen phosphide is maintained for 1 d at 21 degrees C or above. We confirmed that a multiple quarantine treatment of bale compression) followed by a 3-d fumigation will control cereal leafbeetle in exported rye straw.

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Section: April 2002supporting

confidence: 82%

Section: April 2002mentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: April 2002mentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bale Compression and Hydrogen Phosphide Fumigation to Control Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Exported Rye Straw

Yokoyama

Miller

2002

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Evaluation of Microwave Irradiation for Analysis of Carbonyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, Cyanogen, Ethyl Formate, Methyl Bromide, Sulfuryl Fluoride, Propylene Oxide, and Phosphine in Hay

Ren

Mahon

2006

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Fumigant residues in hay were "extracted" by microwave irradiation. Hay, in gastight glass flasks, was placed in a domestic microwave oven, and fumigants were released into the headspace by microwave irradiation. Power settings for maximum release of fumigants were determined for carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CS(2)), cyanogen (C(2)N(2)), ethyl formate (EF), methyl bromide (CH(3)Br), sulfuryl fluoride (SF), propylene oxide (PPO), and phosphine (PH(3)). Recoveries of fortified samples were >91% for COS, CS(2), CH(3)Br, SF, PPO, and PH(3) and >76% for C(2)N(2) and EF. Completeness of extraction was assessed from the amount of fumigant retained by the microwaved hay. This amount was determined from further microwave irradiation and was always small (<5% of the amount obtained from the initial procedure). Limits of quantification were <0.1 mg/kg for COS, CS(2), C(2)N(2), EF, and PH(3) and <0.5 mg/kg for CH(3)Br, SF, and PPO. These low limits were essentially due to the absence of interference from solvents and no necessity to inject large-volume gas samples. The microwave method is rapid and solvent-free. However, care is required in selecting the appropriate power setting. The safety implications of heating sealed flasks in microwave ovens should be noted.

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Quarantine Control of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Exported Hay: A New Treatment for Large-Size, Polypropylene Fabric-Wrapped Bales and a 3-d Fumigation for Compressed Standard Bales

Yokoyama¹,

Miller²

2003

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Hessian fly puparia (37,167), Mayetiola destructor (Say), did not survive a large-scale commercial test (three freight containers) of a new quarantine treatment using compression (32 kg/cm2) and hydrogen phosphide fumigation (61 g/28.2 m3) for large-size, polypropylene fabric-wrapped bales of hay exported to Japan. Mean +/- SEM temperatures in the large-size bales in different locations in the freight containers ranged from 18.0 +/- 0.9 to 26.0 +/- 1.3 degrees C during the 7-d test conducted in a heated building at 20.1 +/- 1.1 degrees C. Highest concentrations of hydrogen phosphide in most locations in the freight containers were observed after 3 d of fumigation and ranged from 366.7 +/- 96.1 to 425.0 +/- 162.7 ppm (mean +/- SEM) and throughout the 7 d of fumigation ranged from 253.6 +/- 59.9 to 407.1 +/- 76.5 ppm (mean +/- SEM). Hydrogen phosphide residues after fumigation and aeration were <10 ppb and were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerance of 0.1 ppm in animal feeds. The results of the test fulfills regulatory agency testing requirements and confirms the efficacy of the treatment to control Hessian fly in large-size, polypropylene fabric-wrapped bales of hay. Hessian fly puparia (2,160) did not survive a large-scale commercial test of compression (105 kg/cm2) and a 3-d hydrogen phosphide (60 g/28.3 m3) fumigation for standard bales.

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On-Site Confirmatory Test, Film Wrapped Bales, and Shipping Conditions of a Multiple Quarantine Treatment to Control Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Compressed Hay

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Bale Compression and Hydrogen Phosphide Fumigation to Control Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Exported Rye Straw

Bale Compression and Hydrogen Phosphide Fumigation to Control Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Exported Rye Straw

Evaluation of Microwave Irradiation for Analysis of Carbonyl Sulfide, Carbon Disulfide, Cyanogen, Ethyl Formate, Methyl Bromide, Sulfuryl Fluoride, Propylene Oxide, and Phosphine in Hay

Quarantine Control of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Exported Hay: A New Treatment for Large-Size, Polypropylene Fabric-Wrapped Bales and a 3-d Fumigation for Compressed Standard Bales

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