On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents

Seto, Yasuo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800159-2.00060-9

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Choking agents are difficult to determine both in laboratories and in the field . As for IMS, it is reported that under 63 Ni ionization and room temperature drift operation, choking agents reveal Cl – (H 2 O) n ( K 0 = 2.32) and Cl – O 2 , Cl – CO 2 ( K 0 = 2.16) for CG and Cl 2 – (H 2 O) n ( K 0 = 2.19) and Cl 2 – O 2 , Cl 2 – CO 2 ( K 0 = 1.93) for CL, which appear just before the RIP position. , Phosgene is detected as Cl – ( K 0 = 2.77) and Cl – (H 2 O) 2 ( K 0 = 2.42) by a portable IMS instrument (RAID I) under 63 Ni ionization and about 100 °C drift temperature operation .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The characteristic marker peaks were noticed, with the respective K 0 values being different from each other and from that of the RIP (Table ). All the LOD values were less than one hundredth of 1 min lethal dosage (LC t50 ) × 1 min, indicating that IMS with an AEE source should fulfill the requirement for CWA detection as part of on-site countermeasures against chemical warfare/terrorism . The mechanism of the maker ions from CWAs based on ion/molecule reaction is discussed in the Supporting Information.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field-deployable CWA detection equipment is useful for personal protection of first responders and for early warning in chemical terrorism . Several types of on-site equipment with varied sensitivities, accuracies, and detection performances have been used by military forces, police mobile teams, coast guards, and fire defense teams .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Regarding on-site identification, mass spectrometry technology has been developed, such as direct analysis in real time and gas chromatograph coupled with electron ionization toroidal ion trap MS instrument and solid-phase microextraction sampling . National Research Institute of Police Science (NRIPS) has evaluated the commercially available on-site detection equipment ,− such as gas detection tubes, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) instruments, − arrayed surface acoustic wave sensors, and Raman spectrometers . In addition, collaborating with other research organizations, NRIPS developed new detection technologies such as the amperometric sensor, atmospheric pressure counter-flow chemical ionization ion trap MS, , electron cyclotron resonance ion source MS, and low temperature plasma ionization MS …”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

et al. 2019

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Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with a novel atmospheric electron emission (AEE) source was developed for determination of gaseous and blister chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in negative mode. The AEE source was fabricated from an aluminum substrate electrode covered with 1 μm silver nanoparticle-dispersed silicone resin and a thin gold layer. This structure enabled stable tunneling electron emission upon the application of more than 11 V potential under atmospheric pressure. The reactant ion peak (RIP) was observed for the reduced mobility constant (K 0) of 2.18 and optimized at the charging voltage of 20 V. This RIP was assigned to O2 – by using a mass spectrometer. Hydrogen cyanide was detected as a peak (K 0 = 2.47) that was discriminatively separated from the RIP (resolution = 1.4), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 mg/m3, and assigned to CN– and OCN–. Phosgene was detected as a peak (K 0 = 2.36; resolution = 1.2; and LOD = 0.6 mg/m3), which was assigned to Cl–. Lewisite 1 was detected as two peaks (K 0 = 1.68 and 1.34; LOD = 12 and 15 mg/m3). The K 0 = 1.68 peak was ascribed to a mixture of adducts of molecules or the product of hydrolysis with oxygen or chloride. Cyanogen chloride, chlorine, and sulfur mustard were also well detected. The detection performance with the AEE source was compared with those under corona discharge and 63Ni ionizations. The advantage of the AEE source is the simple RIP pattern (only O2 –), and the characteristic marker ions contribute to the discriminative CWAs detection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

et al. 2019

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“…7 A visually detectable change of the luminescence colour (as opposed to a turn-on or turn-off effect) can enable an improved readout, potentially furnish a ratiometric response, [8][9][10] and is especially useful when spectroscopic equipment is not available. 11,12 However, only few examples of lanthanide-based sensor complexes that display such a colour switch are known. 2 For instance, an Ir(III)/Eu(III) dyad was shown to change the luminescence colour upon exposure to the V-series CWA mimic 2-diisopropylaminoethyl ethyl methylphosphonate (VO) by selectively quenching the red Eu-based emission.…”

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Solid-state sensors based on Eu³⁺-containing supramolecular polymers with luminescence colour switching capability

et al. 2018

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aPolymers that exhibit changes of their luminescence colour in response to external stimuli are attractive candidates for sensing systems. We herein report the preparation of europium-based metallosupramolecular polymers, which can be processed into films and coatings that display readily detectable luminescence colour changes in response to various types of analytes. 14 These low-molecular weight solvent-based sensory systems demonstrate the potential benefits of luminescence colour changes, and similar responses were also achieved with metallosupramolecular polymer (MSP) networks that feature combinations of transition or lanthanide metal ions due to a selective quenching of some of the metal-based emission. 15,16 A direct monitoring of the disassembly with a potential increase in sensitivity may be achieved by employing ligands that feature a distinct emission in the visible range, which has, to the best of our knowledge, not been explored in polymeric solid-state materials so far. We herein report a lanthanide-based MSP system that features a distinct and clearly visible emission colour change due to the vastly different emission characteristics of the metalligand complex, and the telechelic, ligand-carrying macromonomer. Red-light emitting MSP films are obtained upon assembling the macromonomer with europium perchlorate and a clearly visible luminescence colour change is observed in response to different stimuli such as heat, exposure to solvents, or other analytes that disrupt or alter the metal-ligand complexes. The distinct colour change constitutes a visually detectable signal that indicates exposure to the various analytes and may allow for an in situ optical monitoring. MetalThe basis of the approach used in our study are tridentate Mebip ligands, which are known to act as efficient "antennas" for lanthanide ions.17 However, Mebip itself does not fluoresce in the visible range. To shift the fluorescence of this motif into the visible range, an extension of the conjugated π-system was pursued. Thus, 2,6-bis(1′-methylbenzimidazolyl)-4-bromopyridine was prepared following literature procedures and its coupling to 4-ethynylaniline under Sonogashira conditions yielded the desired π-extended Mebip derivative (Fig. S1 †). 18,19 Subsequently, this ligand was coupled to dodecanoic acid and bis-carboxylic acid functionalised telechelic poly(ethylene-co- † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: A comprehensive account of all experimental details, including synthetic procedures, analytical data, and NMR spectra of all novel compounds is provided. See

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Identification of V‐type nerve agents in vapor samples using a field‐portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane‐interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri‐Bed concentrator and fluoridating conversion tube

Ohrui

Nagoya

Kurimata³

et al. 2017

J. Mass Spectrom.

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A field-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system (Hapsite ER) was evaluated for the detection of nonvolatile V-type nerve agents (VX and Russian VX (RVX)) in the vapor phase. The Hapsite ER system consists of a Tri-Bed concentrator gas sampler, a nonpolar low thermal-mass capillary GC column and a hydrophobic membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer evacuated by a non-evaporative getter pump. The GC-MS system was attached to a VX-G fluoridating conversion tube containing silver nitrate and potassium fluoride. Sample vapors of VX and RVX were converted into O-ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate (EtGB) and O-isobutyl methylphosphonofluoridate (iBuGB), respectively. These fluoridated derivatives were detected within 10 min. No compounds were detected when the VX and RVX samples were analyzed without the conversion tube. A vapor sample of tabun (GA) was analyzed, in which GA and O-ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate were detected. The molar recovery percentages of EtGB and iBuGB from VX and RVX vapors varied from 0.3 to 17%, which was attributed to variations in the vaporization efficiency of the glass vapor container. The conversion efficiencies of the VX-G conversion tube for VX and RVX to their phosphonate derivatives were estimated to be 40%. VX and RVX vapors were detected at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg m . Gasoline vapor was found to interfere with the analyses of VX and RVX. In the presence of 160 mg m gasoline, the detection limits of VX and RVX vapor were increased to 20 mg m . Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

Solid-state sensors based on Eu³⁺-containing supramolecular polymers with luminescence colour switching capability

Identification of V‐type nerve agents in vapor samples using a field‐portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane‐interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri‐Bed concentrator and fluoridating conversion tube

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On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents

Cited by 9 publications

References 60 publications

Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents

Solid-state sensors based on Eu3+-containing supramolecular polymers with luminescence colour switching capability

Identification of V‐type nerve agents in vapor samples using a field‐portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane‐interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri‐Bed concentrator and fluoridating conversion tube

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Solid-state sensors based on Eu³⁺-containing supramolecular polymers with luminescence colour switching capability