“…The existing work on white space focused on exploiting the white spaces for broadband access [8,19,20,30,43,54,57,59,[61][62][63][64] and spectrum determination through spectrum sensing [9,26,27,33,48] and/or geo-location database approach [16,18,34,37,63]. Alongside, various standards bodies (e.g., IEEE 802.11af, IEEE 802.15.4m, IEEE 802.19.1, IEEE 802.22, IEEE 1900.4a, IEEE 1900.7, and ECMA-392) and industry leaders (e.g., Microsoft and Google) have also targeted the white spaces for unlicensed personal or commercial use [21,28,43,47]. In contrast, SNOW, as a LPWAN, exploits white spaces for highly scalable and wide-area sensor network applications.…”