On the allometry of long bones in dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>)

Casinos, Adriá; Bou, J.; Castiella, M. J.; Viladiu, C.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1051900107

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…When regressing long bone lengths and diameters to femur length in Canidae, Wayne (1986) found significant deviations from isometric scaling, which suggested low conformity with either GS or ES in the appendicular skeleton of canids. However, in a study with over sixty dog breeds, Casinos et al (1986) found that the scaling of humerus, radius and tibia conformed to GS but not that of the femur, which could explain the lack of conformity in Wayne’s study. Heinrich & Biknevicius (1998) showed that, in Martinae (Mustelidae), long bone dimensions tended to scale elastically, but conformity was also low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran forelimb: Locomotor types, differential scaling and thoughts on a dying similarity

Gálvez-López

Casinos

2022

Preprint

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The scaling pattern of the forelimb in Carnivora was determined using a sample of 30 variables measured on the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and third metacarpal, of 429 specimens belonging to 137 species of Carnivora. Standardized major axis regressions on body mass were calculated for all variables, using both traditional regression methods and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC). In agreement with previous studies on the scaling of the appendicular skeleton, conformity to either the geometric similarity hypothesis or the elastic similarity hypothesis was low. The scaling pattern of several phyletic lines and locomotor types within Carnivora was also determined, and significant deviations from the scaling pattern of the order were found in some of these subsamples. Furthermore, significant evidence for differential scaling was found for several variables, both in the whole sample and in various phylogenetic and locomotor subsamples. Contrary to previous studies, significant differences were found between the allometric exponents obtained with traditional and PIC regression methods, emphasizing the need to take into account phylogenetic relatedness in scaling studies. In light of these and previous results, we conclude that similarity hypotheses are too simplistic to describe scaling patterns in the carnivoran appendicular skeleton, and thus we propose that scaling hypotheses should be built from similarities in the scaling patterns of phylogenetically narrow samples of species with similar locomotor requirements. The present work is a first step in the study of those samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran forelimb: Locomotor types, differential scaling and thoughts on a dying similarity

Gálvez-López

Casinos

2022

Preprint

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“…Previous studies had reported scaling differences between femur and tibia (Casinos et al, 1986; Wayne, 1986; Bertram & Biewener, 1990; Raich & Casinos, 1991; Heinrich & Biknevicius, 1998; Christiansen, 1999a; Llorens et al, 2001; Lilje et al, 2003; Casinos et al, 2012). In those studies, the length of the tibia tended to scale slower than the length of the femur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran hind limb: Main deviations from a conservative pattern

Gálvez-López

Casinos

2022

Preprint

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The scaling pattern of the hind limb in Carnivora was determined using a sample of 13 variables measured on the femur, tibia, and calcaneus, of 429 specimens belonging to 141 species. Standardized major axis regressions on body mass were calculated for all variables, using both traditional regression methods and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC). Significant differences were found between the allometric slopes obtained with traditional and PIC regression methods, emphasizing the need to take into account phylogenetic relatedness in scaling studies. Overall, the scaling of the carnivoran hind limb conformed to geometric similarity, although some deviations from its predictions (including differential scaling) were detected, especially in relation with swimming adaptations. The scaling pattern of several phyletic lines and locomotor habits within Carnivora was also determined. Significant deviations from the scaling pattern of the order were found in some phyletic lines, but not in the locomotor habit subsamples. This suggests that the scaling of the carnivoran hind limb is both more heavily influenced by phylogenetic relatedness than by locomotor specializations, and more conservative than that of the forelimb. Finally, together with our previous work on the carnivoran forelimb, the results of the present study suggest that, in large non-aquatic carnivorans, size-related increases in bone stresses are compensated primarily by limb posture changes instead of by modifying limb bone scaling. However, increasing bone robusticity might also occur in the forelimb in response to the heavier stresses acting on the forelimbs due to asymmetrical body weight distribution.

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“…length and width dimensions scale in direct proportion to each other) or slightly negative allometric patterns (i.e. width dimensions increase at a lower rate than length dimensions) of skeletal growth in domestic dogs (Casinos et al 1986;Wayne, 1986). Analysis of adult specimens has shown similar patterns of geometric similarity in limb bone lengths and widths between domestic dogs and wild canids (Wayne, 1986).…”

Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus)

Morris

Brandt

2014

Journal of Anatomy

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Aggressive behaviour is important in the life history of many animals. In grey wolves (Canis lupus), territory defence through direct competition with conspecifics is severe and often lethal. Thus, performance in aggressive encounters may be under strong selection. Additionally, grey wolves frequently kill large dangerous prey species. Because both sexes actively participate in aggressive activities and prey capture, wolves are expected to exhibit a low level of musculoskeletal sexual dimorphism. However, male wolves more often lead in agonistic encounters with conspecifics and must provision the nursing female during the pup-rearing period of the breeding season. These behaviours may select for males that exhibit a higher degree of morphological adaptation associated with aggression and prey capture performance. To test this prediction, we assessed skeletal sexual dimorphism in three subspecies of grey wolves using functional indices reflecting morphological specialization for aggression. As expected, sexual dimorphism in skeletal shape was limited. However, in two of three subspecies, we found sexually dimorphic traits in the skull, forelimbs and hindlimbs that are consistent with the hypothesis that males are more specialized for aggression. These characters may also be associated with selection for improved prey capture performance by males. Thus, the sexually dimorphic functional traits identified by our analysis may be adaptive in the contexts of both natural and sexual selection. Several of these traits may conflict with locomotor economy, indicating the importance of aggression in the life history of male grey wolves. The presence of functional specialization for aggression in a generally monogamous species indicates that sexual dimorphism in specific musculoskeletal traits may be widespread among mammals.

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On the allometry of long bones in dogs (Canis familiaris)

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran forelimb: Locomotor types, differential scaling and thoughts on a dying similarity

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran forelimb: Locomotor types, differential scaling and thoughts on a dying similarity

Scaling pattern of the carnivoran hind limb: Main deviations from a conservative pattern

Specialization for aggression in sexually dimorphic skeletal morphology in grey wolves (Canis lupus)

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