“…Where the point lies below the critical state line, is negative (denser than critical), and where it lies above, is positive (looser than critical). Traditional Cam-Clay-type models [9][10][11][12][13][14], do not have the capability to independently prescribe the density (or void ratio) of a meso-element, since, by prescribing the degree of overconsolidation [9] and the current state of stress, one is bound to calculate a unique void ratio. By introducing the state parameter in the constitutive description, the density (or other equivalent measures thereof, such as the void ratio and specific volume) is effectively 'detached' from the critical state line.…”