“…But some redshift discrepancies of this type might be due to astrophysical processes to do with gas flow, as discussed by Lewis (1975), who has also reviewed evidence for anomalous redshifts of the Arp type and failed to confirm their existence in some systems such as groups of galaxies (Lewis, 1971;Arp, 1970Arp, , 1971b; see also Lewis, 1969;Arp, 1966;Arp and Madore, 1975). An analysis using a large number of data by Plagemann (1973) has shown that, irrespective of the nature of QSO redshifts, there is no statistical evidence that QSOs are preferentially associated with bright galaxies. Galaxies which are close together on the sky but show discrepant redshifts, and similar examples of what appear to be galaxy/galaxy and galaxy/QSO pairs with discrepant redshifts, have been studied by Nottale and Moles (1978) and Moles and Nottale (1978) respectively, with the conclusion that such associations are probably not due to chance projection.…”