On the Applicability of Numerical Quadrature for Double Surface Integrals at 5G Frequencies

Abstract

The human exposure assessment to wireless communications systems including the fifth generation (5G) mobile systems is related to determining the specific absorption rate (SAR) or the absorbed power density (APD). The assessment of both quantities requires the use of various numerical techniques, including moments method (MoM). As the use of MoM results in a fully populated system matrix, a tremendous computational cost is incurred, both in terms of matrix fill time and memory allocation, as the matrix size is directly related to frequency of the problem. This paper investigates the applicability of numerical integration at frequencies related to 5G. The novelty of this work is related to the comprehensive set of tests of various combination of source and observation triangles using the developed unit cube test. A number of convergence tests were performed to investigate the effects of the increasing frequency and the discretization scheme on the numerical solution, as well as to determine how to curb the computational requirements by the proficient use of numerical integration. The results show that in the lower GHz range, lower integration orders could be used, resulting in the decrease of matrix fill time without loss of solution accuracy.

Analysis of Planar Skin Model Exposed to Dipole Antenna Radiation Featuring the Use of the Mom-Mom Approach

“…3 PLANAR SKIN MODELS Various exposure scenarios have been considered in Li et al [5], including a singlelayer skin model whose dimensions (in mm) were W × H × L = 200 × 200 × 100, and W × H × L = 150 × 150 × 75, at 10 GHz and 30 GHz, respectively. If the conventional MoM is used, the computational size of the problem at these frequencies becomes a limiting factor [6]. Table 1 shows computational requirements for the considered models.…”

“…On the other hand, the use of integral equation based techniques such as the method of moments (MoM), the boundary element method (BEM), or hybrid methods is limited due to computational requirements related to frequency of the problem. The fully populated matrices in the GHz frequency range becomes prohibitively large to solve on typical desktop computers, unless GPU acceleration or parallel processing is employed [6].…”

On some computational aspects for electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry of mm waves

“…However, at frequencies in the GHz range, integral equation based formulations are limited due to computational requirements related to problem frequency [5]. The fully populated matrices becomes prohibitively large to solve on typical desktop computers, unless GPU acceleration or parallel processing is employed.…”

A Method for Determining the Envelope of Induced Electric Field on a Simple Human Head Model by Peaks Detection

“…Compared to geometrically simple dosimetry models, the use of anatomically precise geometrical models of the human body or body parts [13] is limited in the high-frequency range, due to low penetration depth but also due to computational requirements. This is especially difficult when the computational method is based on the integral equation approach such as surface integral equation (SIE) [14]. From the computational resources point of view, the main limit of SIE is related to the discretisation of HF problem, resulting in a large fully populated system matrix.…”