On the application of different turbulence models for the computation of fluid flow and combustion processes in small scale wood heaters

An overview of processes and considerations in the modelling of fixed-bed biomass combustion

“…With regards to the former, the effect of radiation on the thermal conversion of packed-beds (drying, devolatilisation and combustion) has not been adequately investigated [93,152]. Some studies consider radiative effect in biomass combustion, but not necessarily for fixed-beds.…”

“…Klason et al [156] predicted radiative heat transfer rates in two fixed-bed models lab-and-industrial scales, whilst relying on different radiation models. These models are: grey gas [152], P1 approximation [154], OT (optically thin), SLW (spectral line weighted sum of grey gas) [157] and Radiative properties or grey gas (FGG (the grey gas model based on finite volume discretization)). Two-flux, Four-flux and P1 radiative heat transfer methods are used to solve the radiation transfer due to rays.…”

Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides From a 25 kW Boiler Supplied Periodically and Continuously with Wood Pellets

“…It is estimated that in Germany in 2000 the share of small scale wood combustion systems contributing to the emission of incomplete combustion products was between 16 and 40% although their total energy production is only about 1% (Knaus, et al, 2000). These numbers have already changed as currently more modern boilers are being used in Germany.…”

Correlation between air flow rate and pollutant concentrations during two-stage oak log combustion in a 25 KW residential boiler

“…A review of small biomass combustion systems was presented in (Hartman et al, 2006). Some interesting studies of biomass fired boilers were also conducted using a retort furnace (Knaus et al, 2000, Musialik-Piotrowska et al, 2010. Out of different biomass types of fuel, wood pellets are most desirable, giving the lowest pollutant emission and enabling automation of the fuel supply process.…”