“…While beamforming techniques (analog, digital, or hybrid [19] may be more attractive for BSs, due to the need for many transmit antennas, STBC; on the other hand, can be used in the bath downlink and uplink connections. The combination of modulation system and MIMO is a major trend in mobile communication systems [20], [21], [22], [23], and [24], such as 5G and the next generations, which are based on the socalled MIMOOFDM and mMIMO-OFDM [25] approaches. Nevertheless, digital communication systems over wireless channels can experience severe signal degradations due to multipath propagation, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) [26] and [ 27], and Doppler effects [28].…”