On the Application of Transition State Theory to Atomic-Scale Wear

Jacobs, Tevis D. B.; Gotsmann, Bernd; Lantz, Mark A.; Carpick, Robert W.

doi:10.1007/s11249-010-9635-z

Cited by 115 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Similar activation energy models have been used to describe dissolution [34] and nanoscale wear rates measured in an AFM [35][36][37][38]. In these models, it is assumed that small clusters of atoms are removed from the surface by the AFM tip during sliding.…”

Section: Nanoscale Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Commonality Between Theoretical Models for Fluid and Solid Friction, Wear and Tribochemistry

2015

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Tribology is concerned with the influence of mechanically applied forces on interfacial phenomena that accompany and control sliding. A wide range of models has been developed to describe these phenomena, which include frictional dissipation, wear and tribochemical reactions. This paper shows that these apparently disparate models are based on the same fundamental concept that an externally applied force accelerates the rate of thermal transition of atoms or molecules across energy barriers present in solid and liquid materials, thereby promoting flow, slip or bond cleavage. Such ''stress-assisted'' effects and the associated thermal activation concepts were developed independently and in different forms by Prandtl (Z Angew Math Mech 8:85, 1928) and Eyring (J Chem Phys 4(4): [283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290][291] 1936). These two works have underpinned subsequent theories of dry friction, boundary lubrication, EHD rheology, tribochemistry and nanoscale wear modelling. This paper first reviews the historical development of the concepts, focussing in particular on the models of Prandtl and Eyring and how they have subsequently been used and adapted by others. The two approaches are then compared and contrasted, noting that although superficially similar, they contain quite different assumptions and constraints. First, the Prandtl model assumes that the force is exerted through a compliant spring, while constant force sliding is assumed by Eyring. Second, different approximations are made in the two models to describe the change in energy barrier with external force. Prandtl explores the asymptotic behaviour of the energy barrier as the applied force become sufficiently high to reduce it to zero, while Eyring assumes that the energy barrier is reduced by an amount equal to the external work carried out on the system. The theoretical underpinnings of these differences are discussed along with the implications of compliant coupling and constant force sliding on the velocity and temperature dependence of the friction forces for the two models.

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Section: Nanoscale Wearmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Commonality Between Theoretical Models for Fluid and Solid Friction, Wear and Tribochemistry

2015

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“…Single-asperity wear simulations (12)(13)(14) and atomic force microscope (AFM) wear experiments (15)(16)(17) challenge the origins of wear debris formation by reporting a gradual atom-by-atom asperity smoothing. This observation further challenges a long-standing question posed by Archard (4,18): When does an asperity collision lead to the formation of a wear debris particle?…”

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confidence: 99%

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

Aghababaei

Warner

Molinari

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Every contacting surface inevitably experiences wear. Predicting the exact amount of material loss due to wear relies on empirical data and cannot be obtained from any physical model. Here, we analyze and quantify wear at the most fundamental level, i.e., wear debris particles. Our simulations show that the asperity junction size dictates the debris volume, revealing the origins of the long-standing hypothesized correlation between the wear volume and the real contact area. No correlation, however, is found between the debris volume and the normal applied force at the debris level. Alternatively, we show that the junction size controls the tangential force and sliding distance such that their product, i.e., the tangential work, is always proportional to the debris volume, with a proportionality constant of 1 over the junction shear strength. This study provides an estimation of the debris volume without any empirical factor, resulting in a wear coefficient of unity at the debris level. Discrepant microscopic and macroscopic wear observations and models are then contextualized on the basis of this understanding. This finding offers a way to characterize the wear volume in atomistic simulations and atomic force microscope wear experiments. It also provides a fundamental basis for predicting the wear coefficient for sliding rough contacts, given the statistics of junction clusters sizes.Archard's wear law | adhesive wear | friction | wear debris particle | nanotribology T he study of material loss at sliding surfaces, known as "wear," has over two centuries of history (1). Substantial progress occurred in the mid-1900s with a systematic series of wear experiments that showed, within a certain range of applied load, (i) the wear volume (i.e., total volume of wear debris) is independent of apparent area of contact (2, 3), (ii) the wear rate (i.e., wear volume per sliding distance) is linearly proportional to the macroscopic load acting normal to the interface, i.e., Archard's wear law (3, 4), and (iii) the wear volume is proportional to the frictional work (i.e., the product of frictional force and sliding distance), which was first hypothesized by Reye in 1860 (5) and intermittently discussed and observed experimentally (3,(5)(6)(7)(8). The first observation is commonly rationalized by arguing that the wear process is a direct result of contact between elevated surface asperities and is consequently associated with the real area of contact (2, 3). The second observation can then be understood by noting that the real area of contact is observed to be proportional to the macroscopic normal load (2, 9). The third observation follows from the first two if one assumes a wear volume proportional to sliding distance and a tangential force proportional to normal force (i.e., Amontons' first law of friction) (10).Despite the passage of more than 50 years, these wear relations remain fully empirical, and their microscopic origins are still unclear (11). Single-asperity wear simulations (12-14) and atomic force microscope (AFM...

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“…After the material transfer prerequisite from energy consideration is fulfilled, more recently, studies have been conducted to investigate the material removal rate both physically and chemically [55,56]. The material wear rate is physically deduced and the load stress is calculated to dominate in the wear process, as follows [55,57]: to provide the tribological contribution to the material removal process [55].…”

Section: (Nano-) Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental theories and basic principles of triboelectric effect: A review

2018

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Long-term observation of the triboelectric effect has not only proved the feasibility of many novel and useful tribo-devices (e.g., triboelectric nanogenerators), but also constantly motivated the exploration of its mysterious nature. In the pursuit of a comprehensive understanding of how the triboelectric process works, a more accurate description of the triboelectric effect and its related parameters and factors is urgently required. This review critically goes through the fundamental theories and basic principles governing the triboelectric process. By investigating the difference between each charging media, the electron, ion, and material transfer is discussed and the theoretical deduction in the past decades is provided. With the information from the triboelectric series, interesting phenomena including cyclic triboelectric sequence and asymmetric triboelectrification are precisely analyzed. Then, the interaction between the tribo-system and its operational environment is analyzed, and a fundamental description of its effects on the triboelectric process and results is summarized. In brief, this review is expected to provide a strong understanding of the triboelectric effect in a more rigorous mathematical and physical sense.

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On the Application of Transition State Theory to Atomic-Scale Wear

Cited by 115 publications

References 65 publications

On the Commonality Between Theoretical Models for Fluid and Solid Friction, Wear and Tribochemistry

On the Commonality Between Theoretical Models for Fluid and Solid Friction, Wear and Tribochemistry

On the debris-level origins of adhesive wear

Fundamental theories and basic principles of triboelectric effect: A review

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