On the assessment of utility demand-side management programs

Market barriers to energy efficiency: A critical reappraisal of the rationale for public policies to promote energy efficiency

“…For example, in the previously cited study by Et0 et al (1996), cost effectiveness was established without including any environmental benefits associated with reduced electricity generation. Similarly, there is emerging evidence that some DSM programs induce non-participants and participants to undertake additional energy-efficiency actions outside of the program, leading to additional benefits, but no additional program administrative costs (Violette, Rosenberg, andStone 1995, Levine andSonnenblick 1994).…”

Market Transformation Strategies to Promote End-Use Efficiency

“…There were also (d) utility incentive programs which, according to one estimate, spent $35 million on incentives for high-efficiency ballasts as of 1990 and could exceed $140 million by 1994 (33). Assuming typical utility incentives of $11 per ballast (21), these figures imply that utility incentives are involved in the majority of electronic ballast purchases. Additional initiatives were (e) the Green Lights program of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which has heavily promoted use of electronic ballasts-as of September 1993, nearly 400,000 electronic ballasts had been installed through the program (36); and (j) minimum efficiency standards, which are likely to be adopted by the federal govemment in 1995.…”

“…Some utilities also provided rebate payments to appliance dealers. A survey of utility DSM programs conducted in 1992 found 28 utilities offering rebates for efficient refrigerators (21). Utility rebate programs help to increase the market for highly efficient models, given the range of efficiencies available in the marketplace at any particular time.…”

Determinants and Impacts of Demand-side Management Program Investment of Electric Utilities

“…The second study was more comprehensive, and incprporated real world results ofDSM programs and end use simulation models to project DSM impacts. Another EPRI study (Blevins and Miller, 1993) only provided estimated savings and expenditures for the utilities surveyed. In many cases, the utilities did not report either savings or expenditures.…”