On the atmospheric corrosion of metals which are covered with thin electrolyte layers—II. Experimental results

Stratmann, M.; Streckel, H.

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(90)90033-2

Cited by 319 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The literature includes experimental and theoretical studies in diverse research areas such as heterogeneous catalysis (Refs. [1,2] are examples of recent publications), meteorology [3,4], geology [5,6], physical chemistry [7,8], solar energy conversion [9][10][11], pharmacy [12], atmospheric chemistry [13], electrochemistry [14,15], tribology [16,17], and corrosion science [18,19]. Advancements in experimental and computational techniques have resulted in considerable progress in our fundamental view of water-solid interactions, and the research field has been summarized in a few most comprehensive reviews [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volta Potential Evolution of Intermetallics in Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Under Thin Aqueous Adlayers: A combined DFT and Experimental Study

et al. 2018

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In this work, first-principle density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the work function and Volta potential differences between aluminum alloy matrix and two intermetallic phases (Mg 2 Si and Al 2 Cu) with varying surface terminations as a function of adhering monolayers (ML) of water. The calculated data were compared with experimental local Volta potential data obtained by the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) on a commercial aluminum alloy AA6063-T5 in atmospheric environments with varying relative humidity (RH). The calculations suggest that the surface termination has a major effect on the magnitude and polarity of the Volta potential of both intermetallic phases (IMP's). The Volta potential difference between the IMP's and the aluminum matrix decreases when the surface is gradually covered by water molecules, and may further change as a function of adhering ML's of water. This can lead to nobility inversions of the IMP's relative to the aluminum matrix. The measured Volta potential difference between both IMP's and their neighboring matrix is dependent on RH. Natural oxidation in ambient indoor air for 2 months led to a nobility inversion of the IMP's with respect to the aluminum matrix, with the intermetallics showing anodic nature already in dry condition. The anodic nature of Al 2 Cu remained with the introduction of RH, whereas Mg 2 Si became cathodic at high RH, presumably due to de-alloying of Mg and oxide dissolution. The DFT calculations predicted an anodic character of both IMP's in reference to the oxidized aluminum matrix, being in good agreement with the SKPFM data. The DFT and SKPFM data were discussed in light of understanding localized corrosion of aluminum alloys under conditions akin to atmospheric exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volta Potential Evolution of Intermetallics in Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Under Thin Aqueous Adlayers: A combined DFT and Experimental Study

et al. 2018

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“…Factors affecting efficiency include electrolyte resistance, which can reduce the effective cathode area, 20,21 along with the electrolyte path length for oxygen to reach the surface when oxygen reduction is the rate limiting step. 22,23 While the individual relationships of these factors with electrolyte geometry are generally understood under ideal conditions at the initial stage of corrosion, less is known regarding their combined influence or competition experienced as corrosion advances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The controlling role of sodium and carbonate on the atmospheric corrosion rate of aluminum

et al. 2017

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Aluminum and aluminum alloys are widely used in many outdoor applications due to their inherent corrosion resistance attributed to the formation of a protective oxide layer. While corrosion rates are generally considered low for aluminum in many atmospheric environments, understanding of the corrosion performance over time is necessary to predict the cost, safety, and esthetics of these materials. The vast majority of the knowledgebase of atmospheric aluminum corrosion is built on environment-response relationships; often based on statistical correlation of corrosion rate data with atmospheric environmental conditions. However, there is still a limited mechanistic understanding of corrosion processes associated with this linkage. This lack in knowledge prevents interpretation and limits the extrapolation of these statistical datasets for prediction purposes. Here, the mechanistic dependence of aluminum corrosion rate on salt loading is explored through complimentary experimental and theoretical analysis relating corrosion rate to electrolyte chemistry, volume and corrosion products. From these results a reaction pathway is proposed for the atmospheric corrosion of aluminum that accounts for the governing effects of CO 2 and salt loading on corrosion rate. This reaction pathway provides a new perspective that highlights the importance of the formation and growth of dawsonite (NaAlCO 3 (OH) 2 ), and the subsequent gettering of sodium from the electrolyte leading to the stifling of corrosion kinetics. This study highlights the importance of accounting for the dynamic physical and chemical state of the electrolyte during corrosion in process models and measurement techniques to better understand and predict atmospheric corrosion behavior.

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“…24 In a corrosive environment, the SKP measures the potential corresponding to the corrosion potential. 25 In dry air conditions, the measurement relates to the potential of steel in the passive state controlled by red-ox potential of the surface species. 24,26 In addition, it was shown that the potential of stainless steel is influenced by the oxide film thickness, 20 the potential being more positive for a thicker film.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Mechanical Stress on the Properties of Steel Surfaces: Scanning Kelvin Probe and Local Electrochemical Impedance Study

Назаров

Vivier

Thierry

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The influence of mechanical stress on the electrochemical properties of ferritic steel SAE 1008 and austenitic stainless steel 301LN was studied using Scanning Kelvin Probe and Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS) techniques. The probeworking electrode Volta potential difference was mapped in situ under load. It was found that the influence of elastic deformation on the potential was small. Plastic deformation decreased the potential of steel by 150-300 mV, whereas the relaxation of the load from the plastic domain increased the Volta potential. However, some locations, which can contain residual stress, remained at low potential. The pre-strained surfaces were characterized by X-ray Photo Electronic Spectroscopy and by Atomic Force Microscopy. Distribution of the capacitance across strained and strain-free surfaces was studied by LEIS in boric/borate electrolyte. The plastic stress increases the capacitance and decreases the ability of the steels to passivate the surface indicating that emerging of pile-ups of dislocations create defective oxide films. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a well-known complex corrosion process caused by the combination of stress and corrosion, which can lead to wear, cracking or fatigue failures. In many cases, the residual stress from plastic deformation or wear accelerates the corrosion rate.1 In the classic film rupture model, tensile stress breaks the passive film creating anodic locations at the bottom of the crack, 2,3 which propagates through an activation/passivation process. This model was developed to the "slip dissolution-film rupture model" pointing out the importance of formation of dislocations and metal dissolution through dislocation slip lines.3,4 The slip dissolution-film rupture model of crack advance was discussed in details previously. 5 This model can predict the crack growth rate for the stainless steels, nickel alloys, and low-alloy steels in high temperature water. 6 The effect of the yielding on the rate of dissolution of many metals was found to be much pronounced in comparison with the influence of elastic deformation. 7 The dissolution rate showed a marked rise at the beginning of the plastic region that is asymptotic with increasing strain. Similar effects of plastic deformation on the anodic current during dissolution were also found for stainless steels.8 To explain this mechanical-electrochemical effect, both the increase of dissolution rate at slip edges and dislocations, and the increase of surface roughness from plastic deformation were pointed out.8 On the other hand, the selective slip dissolution can be ascribed to the local excess of Gibbs potential, 7,8 thus contradicting earlier works. Hoar 9 has shown that both enthalpy and entropy of activation were not significantly altered by cold work, which meant that the free energy of activation for anodic reaction should remain almost constant. A calorimetric study 10 showed that residual energy from cold work was less than 7 calories per gram without any significant impact on ...

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On the atmospheric corrosion of metals which are covered with thin electrolyte layers—II. Experimental results

Cited by 319 publications

References 17 publications

Volta Potential Evolution of Intermetallics in Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Under Thin Aqueous Adlayers: A combined DFT and Experimental Study

Volta Potential Evolution of Intermetallics in Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Under Thin Aqueous Adlayers: A combined DFT and Experimental Study

The controlling role of sodium and carbonate on the atmospheric corrosion rate of aluminum

Effect of Mechanical Stress on the Properties of Steel Surfaces: Scanning Kelvin Probe and Local Electrochemical Impedance Study

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