1986
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.378
|View full text |Cite
|
Sign up to set email alerts
|

On the automaticity of frequency coding: Effects of competing task load, encoding strategy, and intention.

Abstract: Two criteria of central importance to the identification of an automatic process are insensitivity to competing task loads and to strategy manipulation. Past experimentation using these criteria has led to the view that judgments of frequency of occurrence are a result of an automatic process. Experiment I is a reexamination of the effect of competing load. This experiment's results make clear that judgments of frequency are markedly affected by the level of difficulty of a secondary task. Results from Experim… Show more

Help me understand this report

Search citation statements

Order By: Relevance

Paper Sections

Select...
3
1

Citation Types

5
104
1

Year Published

1988
1988
2010
2010

Publication Types

Select...
5
3

Relationship

1
7

Authors

Journals

citations
Cited by 95 publications
(110 citation statements)
references
References 32 publications
5
104
1
Order By: Relevance
“…Although we have provided no direct evidence for this assumption here, we should note that event frequency does appear to be encoded fairly automatically (Hasher & Zacks, 1979). People make reasonably accurate frequency estimates for stimuli that were presented sequentially and for which they had no conscious intention to encode frequency information (Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1986). Furthermore, research on numerosity perception generally supports the idea that people form representations independent of the sensory modality in which the stimuli are presented and whether or not the presentation of individual stimulus elements is simultaneous or sequential (Barth, Kanwisher, & Spelke, 2003).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Although we have provided no direct evidence for this assumption here, we should note that event frequency does appear to be encoded fairly automatically (Hasher & Zacks, 1979). People make reasonably accurate frequency estimates for stimuli that were presented sequentially and for which they had no conscious intention to encode frequency information (Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1986). Furthermore, research on numerosity perception generally supports the idea that people form representations independent of the sensory modality in which the stimuli are presented and whether or not the presentation of individual stimulus elements is simultaneous or sequential (Barth, Kanwisher, & Spelke, 2003).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Because we were interested in frequency discrimination and not recognition, the results, unless otherwise indicated, exclude performance at the frequency level of 0 (cf. Birnbaum, Taylor, Johnson, & Raye, 1987;Greene, 1984Greene, , 1986Greene, , 1988Jonides & Naveh-Benjamin, 1987;Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1986 Frequency judgments. The first five data columns of Table I set forth mean frequency judgments as a function of actual frequency and overall means for each condition of the experiment.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For each subject in this experiment and in all subsequent experiments, four dependent measures were calculated: (I) on each frequency test, mean frequency estimates at each level of actual frequency; (2) on each frequency test, the slope of the regression function relating estimated to actual frequency-a measure of frequency discrimination (see Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1986); (3) on each frequency test, the standard deviation of frequency judgments obtained by averaging across the standard deviation of frequency judgments at each level of actual frequency-a measure of reliability of frequency estimates (see Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides); and (4) on the cued recall test, mean cued recall at each level of actual frequency. Because we were interested in frequency discrimination and not recognition, the results, unless otherwise indicated, exclude performance at the frequency level of 0 (cf.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Frequency judgments improved when the cover task directed subjects' attention to the identity of the stimuli, especially to the conjunction of letter and typeface. The results suggest that frequency estimation of complex stimuli may be possible only for stimuli that have been processed as phenomenal objects.Largely prompted by Zack's (1979, 1984) proposal that certain attributes of events are automatically encoded, there has been considerable recent interest in people's ability to judge the relative frequency of events (e.g., Barsalou & Ross, 1986;Begg, Maxwell, Mitterer, & Harris, 1986;Birnbaum, Taylor, Johnson, & Raye, 1987;Fisk & Schneider, 1984;Greene, 1984Greene, , 1986Hanson & Hirst, 1988;Kausler, Lichty, & Hakami, 1984;Maki & Ostby, 1987;Naveh-Benjamin & Jonides, 1986;Williams & Durso, 1986). The available studies collectively highlight a number of important aspects of frequency judgments that are not yet well understood.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%