On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: What evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model?

Bragança, F. M. Serra; Rhodin, Marie; Weeren, P. R. van

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.01.006

Cited by 60 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Objective quantification of lameness has been a topic of investigation in the field of equine research for several years now [ 10 ]. The solutions that were devised can be broadly divided into two categories: kinetic methods and kinematic methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

Bosch

Bragança

Marin-Perianu³

et al. 2018

Sensors

105

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In this paper, we describe and validate the EquiMoves system, which aims to support equine veterinarians in assessing lameness and gait performance in horses. The system works by capturing horse motion from up to eight synchronized wireless inertial measurement units. It can be used in various equine gait modes, and analyzes both upper-body and limb movements. The validation against an optical motion capture system is based on a Bland–Altman analysis that illustrates the agreement between the two systems. The sagittal kinematic results (protraction, retraction, and sagittal range of motion) show limits of agreement of ±2.3 degrees and an absolute bias of 0.3 degrees in the worst case. The coronal kinematic results (adduction, abduction, and coronal range of motion) show limits of agreement of −8.8 and 8.1 degrees, and an absolute bias of 0.4 degrees in the worst case. The worse coronal kinematic results are most likely caused by the optical system setup (depth perception difficulty and suboptimal marker placement). The upper-body symmetry results show no significant bias in the agreement between the two systems; in most cases, the agreement is within ±5 mm. On a trial-level basis, the limits of agreement for withers and sacrum are within ±2 mm, meaning that the system can properly quantify motion asymmetry. Overall, the bias for all symmetry-related results is less than 1 mm, which is important for reproducibility and further comparison to other systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

Bosch

Bragança

Marin-Perianu³

et al. 2018

Sensors

105

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“…With the increasing availability of equipment capable of accurate quantification of equine gait [ 8 ], the measurement of even subtle asymmetries has become possible. However, this poses new problems for the interpretation of the data since asymmetry and lameness are not interchangeable terms [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical findings in horses showing asymmetrical vertical excursions of the withers at walk

et al. 2018

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The walk and trot are inherently symmetrical gaits, making them potentially suitable for the detection of left-right asymmetries. The aims of this study were to describe asymmetrical vertical excursions of the withers at walk in non-lame high-level dressage horses and to seek associations between these asymmetric movements and other kinematic variables and vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs). Seven dressage horses, judged clinically as being sound, walked unridden and unrestrained on a treadmill with an integrated force measuring system (480 Hz), from which spatiotemporal and vGRF variables were extracted. Markers were tracked by 12 infrared cameras (240 Hz). The vertical position of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6), limb protraction and retraction distances throughout stance, and global limb lengths were determined. Contralateral trial-mean differences were calculated, including difference in T6 minimum vertical position between contralateral steps (T6minDiff). Mixed models were used to study associations between symmetry parameters. Trial-mean T6minDiff ranged between 0.3–23 mm. Of the seven horses, five consistently dropped the withers more in early left forelimb stance, one was fairly symmetrical, and one dropped the withers more in early right forelimb stance. Comparisons between contralateral limbs showed the following associations. The forelimb that was retracted when T6min was lowest showed greater retraction at toe-off (1 mm increase predicted 0.17 mm T6minDiff increase) and shorter stance duration (1 ms decrease predicted 0.3 mm T6minDiff increase). The hind limb that was in midstance when T6min was lowest showed a greater range of motion during the stance phase (1 mm increase in protraction or retraction predicted 0.2 mm T6minDiff increase). The haunches were displaced away from the side of the forelimb that was protracted when T6min was lowest (1 mm lateral shift predicted 0.07 mm T6minDiff increase). Forelimb and hind limb vGRF parameters were non-significant. Asymmetry of vertical withers movement in horses assessed as being sound at trot was related to a complex pattern of asymmetries in spatiotemporal variables throughout the stride cycle rather than to vertical load redistribution between the forelimbs. This suggests that the asymmetry may be due to inherent laterality rather than weight-bearing lameness.

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“…Whilst lameness was the domain which achieved universal agreement (100%), hence it should be included, how lameness evaluation is integrated remains challenging especially in the presence of bilateral lameness, lameness occurring only with specific conditions such as under saddle or in the case of an asymmetric gait that is due to morphology or laterality. The premise of an outcome score for practitioners is that it should be easy to use in clinical practice; therefore, although technology may be increasingly available [49] whilst it is not yet in every practice or available to non-veterinary practitioners, a categorical subjective score would need to be included in TEMROS. The exact choice of grading system requires further study due to the absence of a universally accepted method that is easy to define, repeatable and can take into account the range of clinical presentations of lameness [47].…”

Section: Lamenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Domains for the Equine Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Outcome Score: Development by Expert Consensus

Tabor

Nankervis

Fernandes

et al. 2020

Animals

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Simple Summary: Within rehabilitation, measurements taken before, during and after treatments are used to judge patient progress and the effectiveness of prescribed treatments. To know which measurements to use for a given health condition, practitioners must have knowledge of what should be measured, which measurement tools are available and accurate, alongside what they intend to measure. Composite outcome measures (OMs) are tools which use grouped measurement tests to monitor patient progress; they have been tested for a variety of human and canine conditions but none have been designed or tested for use in physical rehabilitation in horses. This study asked leading equine veterinarians, physiotherapists and researchers which measures should be included in an OM for use in the rehabilitation of horses. Using a process to evaluate agreement, ten areas of measurement were included in the final model: lameness, pain at rest, pain during exercise, behaviour during exercise, muscular symmetry, performance/functional capacity, behaviour at rest, palpation, balance and proprioception. Existing reliable tests used to measure these areas were evaluated and potential new measures discussed and now should be taken forward to testing as a composite outcome score to see if they are effective in measuring effectiveness of treatment.Abstract: Outcome measures (OMs) are a requirement of professional practice standards in human and canine physiotherapy practice for measurement of health status. Measures such as pain and functional capacity of specific regions are used to track treatment impact and can be used to develop optimal management strategies. To achieve comparable patient care in equine physiotherapy, OMs must be incorporated into practice; however, no reliable and valid OMs exist for equine rehabilitation. This study utilised the experience and opinion of a panel of experts working in the equine rehabilitation sphere to gain consensus on the core areas (domains) to be included in a model, to lead to an OM scale for horses undergoing rehabilitation. The Delphi method and content validity ratio testing was used to determine agreement with domains reaching the critical value required for inclusion. The expert panel agreed on ten domains to be included in the OM scale: lameness, pain at rest, pain during exercise, behaviour during exercise, muscular symmetry, performance/functional capacity, behaviour at rest, palpation, balance and proprioception. An OM with these domains would provide a holistic objective assessment tool which could be used by equine rehabilitation professionals in clinical practice.

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On the brink of daily clinical application of objective gait analysis: What evidence do we have so far from studies using an induced lameness model?

Cited by 60 publications

References 96 publications

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

Biomechanical findings in horses showing asymmetrical vertical excursions of the withers at walk

Generation of Domains for the Equine Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Outcome Score: Development by Expert Consensus

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