On the coevolution of pathogen and host: I. General theory of discrete time coevolution

Lewis, Jerry W.

doi:10.1016/0022-5193(81)90348-9

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The parasites evolve toward maximizing and the hosts evolve toward minimizing the matching of chromosomes. Such a process both tends to protect polymorphism and gives an endlessly unstable coevolution (45)(46)(47). Trajectories of gene frequencies (and of linkage disequilibria) in our model are irregular.…”

Section: Parasites and Sexmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review).

Hamilton

Axelrod²,

Tanese³

1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,153

929

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Darwinian theory has yet to explain adequately the fact of sex. If males provide little or no aid to offspring, a high (up to 2-fold) extra average fitness has to emerge as a property of a sexual parentage if sex is to be stable. The advantage must presumably come from recombination but has been hard to identify. It may well lie in the necessity to recombine defenses to defeat numerous parasites. A model demonstrating this works best for contesting hosts whose defense polymorphisms are constrained to low mutation rates.A review of the literature shows that the predictions of parasite coevolution fit well with the known ecology of sex. Moreover, parasite coevolution is superior to previous models of the evolution of sex by supporting the stability of sex under the following challenging conditions: very low fecundity, realistic patterns of genotype fitness and changing environment, and frequent mutation to parthenogenesis, even while sex pays the full 2-fold cost.Parasite coevolution will be shown to be superior to previous models of the evolution of sex by supporting the stability of sex under the following challenging conditions.

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Section: Parasites and Sexmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review).

Hamilton

Axelrod²,

Tanese³

1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,153

929

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“…As a result, Law suggested that the evolutionary trend toward genotypic specialization thought to typify host-parasite coevolution should generally be lacking in mutualisms. Because polymorphism due to frequency-dependent disease impact requires parasite specialization (Lewis 1981;Seger 1988; Parker 1992a), the absence of such specialization in mutualisms would also imply the absence of any inherent tendency toward genetic polymorphism.However, this argument ignores the fact that different mutualist partners may vary widely in the fitness benefits that they can provide, with the optimal partner unlikely to be identical for all conspecific individuals. Thus, selection in mutualisms may favor intrapopulation specialization, if mechanisms exist to exclude incompatible partners and allow organisms to associate preferentially with those that can provide the greatest benefits (Devine 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accepted September 21, 1994 Although it is widely accepted that host-parasite interactions should generate genetic polymorphism (Haldane 1949;Clarke 1976;Hamilton 1982), the situation is much less clear in mutualistic interactions among species. In host-parasite interactions, parasite specialization on hosts with a particular defense mechanism can result in frequency-dependent disease impact on hosts, leading to stable or cyclic polymorphisms in both species (Lewis 1981;Seger 1988). Law (1985) argued that quite different evolutionary processes should occur in mutualisms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In host-parasite interactions, parasite specialization on hosts with a particular defense mechanism can result in frequency-dependent disease impact on hosts, leading to stable or cyclic polymorphisms in both species (Lewis 1981;Seger 1988). Law (1985) argued that quite different evolutionary processes should occur in mutualisms.…”

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confidence: 99%

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NONRANDOM GENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS IN A LEGUME— BRADYRHIZOBIUM MUTUALISM

1996

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Abstract.-Genetically divergent lineages often coexist within populations of the annual legume Amphicarpaea braeteata. At one site dominated by two such lineages (termed biotypes "C" and "S"), isolates of root-nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium sp.) were sampled from both hosts and analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Symbiont populations on the two plant biotypes were highly distinct. Out of 15 bacterial multilocus genotypes detected (among 51 isolates analyzed), only one was shared in common by the two plant biotypes. Cluster analysis revealed three bacterial lineages (designated I, II, and III), with lineage I found exclusively on biotype C plants, and the two other lineages almost completely restricted to biotype S hosts. Laboratory inoculation tests indicated that lineage I bacteria were strictly specialized on biotype C hosts, forming few or no nodules on plants of the other host biotype. Bacterial lineages II and III were capable of forming nodules on both kinds of plants, but nodule numbers were often significantly higher on biotype S hosts. The nonrandom association between plant and bacterial lineages at this site implies that genetic diversity of hosts is an important factor in the maintenance of polymorphism within the symbiont population.Key words.-Bacteria, Bradyrhizobium, coevolution, legumes, linkage disequilibrium, mutualism, nitrogen fixation, polymorphism, symbiosis.Received April 12, 1994. Accepted September 21, 1994 Although it is widely accepted that host-parasite interactions should generate genetic polymorphism (Haldane 1949;Clarke 1976;Hamilton 1982), the situation is much less clear in mutualistic interactions among species. In host-parasite interactions, parasite specialization on hosts with a particular defense mechanism can result in frequency-dependent disease impact on hosts, leading to stable or cyclic polymorphisms in both species (Lewis 1981;Seger 1988). Law (1985) argued that quite different evolutionary processes should occur in mutualisms. Selection on each species in a mutualism will favor adaptation to the most prevalent phenotype in the other species, because individuals adapted only to rare phenotypes will receive fewer mutualistic benefits given their smaller chance of encountering a suitable partner. As a result, Law suggested that the evolutionary trend toward genotypic specialization thought to typify host-parasite coevolution should generally be lacking in mutualisms. Because polymorphism due to frequency-dependent disease impact requires parasite specialization (Lewis 1981;Seger 1988; Parker 1992a), the absence of such specialization in mutualisms would also imply the absence of any inherent tendency toward genetic polymorphism.However, this argument ignores the fact that different mutualist partners may vary widely in the fitness benefits that they can provide, with the optimal partner unlikely to be identical for all conspecific individuals. Thus, selection in mutualisms may favor intrapopulation specialization, if mechanisms exist to exclude incompatible partners and...

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Pathogens as Causes of Genetic Diversity in their Host Populations

Hamilton

1982

Population Biology of Infectious Diseases

207

140

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Abstract.Sex is likely to be an adaptation that enables large multicellular long-lived organisms to resist exploitation by specialized smaller shorter-lived organisms -that is, by parasites/pathogens. Antagonistic coadaptation of genotypes between such species tends to entrain limit cycles or else repeating and largely nonprogressive situations of countertransience of new defense and attack alleles. Models on these lines can account for (a) correlation of stable sexual reproduction with size and longevity and with biotic complexity of habitat, (b) abundance of protein polymorphism, (c) diversity of adaptive linkage values, (d) common linkage disequilibria in multi-locus genotypes, and (e) "good genes" mate choice and the excesses of sexual selection. Through parasites, frequencydependent selection may account for much more variation than has been credited while immediate heterozygote advantage may account for much less. Through frequency-dependent selection, polymorphism based even on generally concave fitness profiles may be common.

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On the coevolution of pathogen and host: I. General theory of discrete time coevolution

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review).

Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review).

NONRANDOM GENOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS IN A LEGUME— BRADYRHIZOBIUM MUTUALISM

Pathogens as Causes of Genetic Diversity in their Host Populations

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