On the consistent choice of effective permittivity and conductivity for modeling graphene

Abstract

Graphene has transformed the fields of plasmonics and photonics, and become an indispensable component for devices operating in the terahertz to mid-infrared range. Here, for instance, graphene surface plasmons can be excited, and their extreme interfacial confinement makes them vastly effective for sensing and detection. The rapid, robust, and accurate numerical simulation of optical devices featuring graphene is of paramount importance and many groups appeal to Black-Box Finite Element solvers. While accurate, these are quite computationally expensive for problems with simplifying geometrical features such as multiple homogeneous layers, which can be recast in terms of interfacial (rather than volumetric) unknowns. In either case, an important modeling consideration is whether to treat the graphene as a material of small (but non-zero) thickness with an effective permittivity, or as a vanishingly thin sheet of current with an effective conductivity. In this contribution we ponder the correct relationship between the effective conductivity and permittivity of graphene, and propose a new relation which is based upon a concrete mathematical calculation that appears to be missing in the literature. We then test our new model both in the case in which the interface deformation is non-trivial, and when there are two layers of graphene with non-flat interfacial deformation.