On the Deposition of Lead Halide Perovskite Precursors by Physical Vapor Method

Costa, José C. S.; Azevedo, João; Santos, Luı́s M. N. B. F.; Mendes, Adélio

doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11625

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This position is assumed to be the onset of the fundamental absorption and accordingly serves as a measure of the optical band gap. With 1.57–1.58 eV for MAPI and 2.35 eV for PbI 2 it fits well to the literature values …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Characterization of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films Fabricated by Exposure of Lead Iodide Layers to Methylammonium Iodide Vapor in a Closed Crucible Transformation Process

Dachauer

Clemens

Lakus-Wollny

et al. 2019

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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In this work, the characterization of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) layers fabricated with a modified two-step deposition technique under high vacuum is presented. Thereby, PbI 2 , deposited in an open sublimation process, is exposed to methylammonium iodide (MAI) vapor in a closed crucible. The fabricated layers are examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). In addition, planar solar cells incorporating the MAPI layers are produced. The obtained XRD data show that MAPI with high perovskite phase purity can be fabricated in a broad substrate temperature range between 75 C and 150 C. The SEM measurements show that with increasing substrate temperature the morphology of the MAPI layers undergoes significant changes which can be separated into three distinct processes, taking place simultaneously: formation of the perovskite by incorporation of MAI into the PbI 2 grains, recrystallization of the perovskite grains, and an Ostwald ripening like growth of the recrystallized grains. By the combination of the UV/VIS and in vacuo PES data, band diagrams for PbI 2 , MAI, and MAPI can be drawn which appear to be independent on the substrate temperature.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Characterization of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films Fabricated by Exposure of Lead Iodide Layers to Methylammonium Iodide Vapor in a Closed Crucible Transformation Process

Dachauer

Clemens

Lakus-Wollny

et al. 2019

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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“…[1] This fast improvement in terms of powerc onversion efficiency (PCE) was mainly made possible by tailoringt he formation and compositiono f perovskite materials, [2][3][4][5] new deposition methods, [6][7][8] and the use of hole and electron extraction layers. [1] This fast improvement in terms of powerc onversion efficiency (PCE) was mainly made possible by tailoringt he formation and compositiono f perovskite materials, [2][3][4][5] new deposition methods, [6][7][8] and the use of hole and electron extraction layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In less than ad ecade, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSC) has increased from 3.8 %t o2 3.7 %. [1] This fast improvement in terms of powerc onversion efficiency (PCE) was mainly made possible by tailoringt he formation and compositiono f perovskite materials, [2][3][4][5] new deposition methods, [6][7][8] and the use of hole and electron extraction layers. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Although perovskites are very efficient as light absorbers and easy to produce, complete devices still present some stabilityc hallenges, which hamper their large-scale production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature Impact on Perovskite Solar Cells Under Operation

2019

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Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have emerged as a promising substitute for conventional silicon panels, showing the fastest power conversion efficiency evolution within the photovoltaic field, going from 3.8 % to 23.7 % in a few years. However, PSC thermal stability is still an obstacle to their commercialization. In this study, the temperature effect on mesoporous triple‐cation perovskite solar cells with two different hole extraction materials—2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) and poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA)—is assessed. The cells are exposed to thermal stress between −5 °C and 80 °C and their photovoltaic performance is monitored in situ to reproduce real operating conditions. At low temperatures, the devices present very stable values (average loss <5 %), but as the temperature increases significant decreases in the open circuit potential and short‐circuit current are observed. X‐ray diffraction shows no change in the perovskite crystal structure with temperature. However, electron scanning microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate that temperature has a great impact on the hole extraction layer. The cell performance loss is attributed to the evaporation of additives added to the hole extraction layer to enhance its conductivity. Although the decrease in power conversion efficiency at 80 °C is slightly higher for PTAA cells, spiro‐OMeTAD cells present a higher irreversible loss of (21.6±2.3) % after thermal stress tests, whereas PTAA devices showed only a loss of (8.2±1.6) %.

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“…[106] Energy Environ. These parameters were determined for the relevant lead halides via Knudsen effusion measurements [111] and for methylammonium iodide (MAI) as well as methylammonium chloride (MACl) via thermogravimetric analysis. 2019, 2, 119-145 due to deposited molecules being stronger bound to each other than to the substrate.…”

Section: (A) (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

195

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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On the Deposition of Lead Halide Perovskite Precursors by Physical Vapor Method

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Characterization of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films Fabricated by Exposure of Lead Iodide Layers to Methylammonium Iodide Vapor in a Closed Crucible Transformation Process

Characterization of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films Fabricated by Exposure of Lead Iodide Layers to Methylammonium Iodide Vapor in a Closed Crucible Transformation Process

Temperature Impact on Perovskite Solar Cells Under Operation

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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