On the design of an energy-harvesting protocol stack for Body Area Nano-NETworks

Abstract

a b s t r a c tBody Area Nano-NETworks (BANNETs) consist of integrated nano-machines, diffused in the human body for collecting diagnostic information and tuning medical treatments. Endowed with communication capabilities, such nano-metric devices can interact with each other and the external micro/macro world, thus enabling advanced health-care services (e.g., therapeutic, monitoring, sensing, and telemedicine tasks). Due to limited computational and communication capabilities of nano-devices, as well as their scarce energy availability, the design of powerful BANNET systems represents a very challenging research activity for upcoming years. Starting from the most significant and recent findings of the research community, this work provides a further step ahead by proposing a hierarchical network architecture, which integrates a BANNET and a macro-scale healthcare monitoring system and two different energy-harvesting protocol stacks that regulate the communication among nano-devices during the execution of advanced nano-medical applications. The effectiveness of devised solutions and the comparison with the common flooding-based communication technique have been evaluated through computer simulations. Results highlight pros and cons of considered approaches and pave the way for future activities in the Internet of Nano-Things and nano-medical research fields.

Slotted CSMA/CA Based Energy Efficinet MAC Protocol Design in Nanonetworks

“…Ultra-nanocapacitor accumulates up to 800 pJ of energy if the piezoelectric nanogenerators realize the energy harvesting process. For common vibration sources, the time required to recharge the 95% of the ultra-nanocapacitor is 49 seconds with 50 Hz cycle frequency (air conditioning system) and 2419 seconds with 1 Hz cycle frequency (heartbeat) [11] [15], as shown in Figure 6. With the structure of super-frame in Table 1, and eq.…”

Packet routing in 3D nanonetworks: A lightweight, linear-path scheme

“…Related studies on data routing within propagation focused on setups pertaining to Body Area Network (BAN) applications [21]. These networks comprise sparse, full-mesh topologies of mobile nodes.…”

Fuzzy Logic and Bio-Inspired Firefly Algorithm Based Routing Scheme in Intrabody Nanonetworks

“…The development of novel schemes for IBNNs also requires an in-depth comprehension of the intense energy constraint of these NBSs for effective outcomes. The extreme energy constraint of these NBSs are elaborated as-a single NBS has a maximum energy of 800pJ and during single transmission of a 120-bit long data packet it consumes about 10% of its available energy [15]. Thereby NBSs are capable of transmitting only 8 data packets with the maximum energy they may harvest.…”

“…Therefore, energy efficiency is regarded as the key attribute of the communication protocol for prolonging the lifetime of IBNNs. However, fulfilling the demand for increased network lifetime while ensuring continuous data monitoring and transmission for effective diagnosis and treatment is a laborious challenge for severe energy constraint NS devices.Concerning the requirement of enabling energy-efficient communication in IBNNs past recent years witnessed a few works that explicitly addressed the communication challenges of IBNNs [15][16][17][18]. However, since routing protocols within IBNNs for efficient data collection are at its infancy, therefore, more efforts are required.…”

“…Concerning the requirement of enabling energy-efficient communication in IBNNs past recent years witnessed a few works that explicitly addressed the communication challenges of IBNNs [15][16][17][18]. However, since routing protocols within IBNNs for efficient data collection are at its infancy, therefore, more efforts are required.…”