On the Deterrent Effect of Stop, Question, and Frisk

Apel, Robert

doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12175

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…More frequent, intrusive, or aggressive interactions, unsurprisingly, result in higher levels of trauma and anxiety (Geller et al 2014). Because most Terry stops ("stops and frisks," named for the Supreme Court case Terry v Ohio that legitimized them) often do not result in an arrest, these negative and unequal effects can accrue to the innocent (Apel 2016).…”

Section: Interactions With Other Major Institutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idealizations and ideal policing

Monaghan

2022

Philosophers' Imprint

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Political philosophy often focuses on “major institutions” that make up the “basic structure” of society. These include political, economic, and social institutions. In this paper I argue first that policing plays a substantial role in generating the kinds of inequalities and problems that are concerns of social or structural justice, and therefore that police agencies qualify as a major institution. When we abandon full compliance or similar idealizations, it is clear that policing is not a concern secondary to, e.g., the electoral system or the scheme of property rights in a society. Nor, I argue, does maintaining full compliance or moral character idealizations obviate an active enforcement role. Eliminating that role from an idealized model society requires engaging in a methodologically and substantively unattractive amount of abstraction. The result is that an active enforcement role is at the core of a complete theory of justice rather than something that is significant only “downstream” from more fundamental issues.

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Section: Interactions With Other Major Institutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idealizations and ideal policing

Monaghan

2022

Philosophers' Imprint

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“…Rebekah Delsol (2015: 79) suggests that the effectiveness of the tactic has been taken for granted, particularly by police ‘who have an almost mythical belief in its efficacy’. Some research from the USA suggested a possible deterrent effect from ‘stop, question and frisk’ strategies (Weisburd et al, 2016) although the data used had their limitations (Apel, 2016), and the policy implications remain problematic (Sweeten, 2016). On the other hand, evidence of the harms caused by such tactics is well established.…”

Section: Childhood Public Space and The Legitimacy Of Stop And Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The stop and search of minors: A ‘vital police tool’?

Flacks

2017

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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Police stop and search powers have been widely criticized for the disproportionate manner in which members of black and ethnic minority communities are targeted. However, the use of such powers on minors in England and Wales has largely escaped comment, despite good evidence that such practices are harmful and counterproductive. Whilst data on the stop and search of under-10s and even toddlers has been reasonably widely reported by the mass media, there has been little interest in the welfare of older children who are subject to such police powers. Drawing on police data, qualitative research and information obtained through Freedom of Information requests, this article considers the relationship between potentially corrosive stop and search practices, young people's use of public space and the question of vulnerability. It is concluded that policy and practice around the use of such powers should be amended to take account of the specific needs of individuals under the age of 18, and that children's welfare should be a central consideration.

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“…Despite his argument, there is, in fact, not a single existing study that has found that police exert any effect on potential offenders' perceptions of arrest risk through any activity other than making arrests. And such an effect cannot simply be inferred from evidence of a relationship between police activities and crime rates (Apel, 2015). NSL (2015) conceptualized offenders as optimizing but passive calculators.…”

Section: Nsl Overlooked Contradictory Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Arrested Development

Pickett

Roche

2016

Criminology & Public Policy

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Research Summary Deterrence theory assumes that objective and subjective sanction risk are positively related. If this assumption holds true, then the theory is useful for guiding criminal justice policy and practice. However, prior research has failed to support the assumption. Prominent review articles have dismissed this literature on the basis of methodological critiques, and they have presented certain requirements for future deterrence research to be considered credible. Informed by these reviews, Nagin, Solow, and Lum's (NSL, 2015) new deterrence theory of policing rests on the assumption of a strong positive relationship between objective and subjective sanction risk. NSL have asserted that their theory has significant policy implications; indeed, they have contended it reveals a need to alter American policing fundamentally. We elaborate why the critiques of the discredited literature are premature, and we suggest that the plausibility of NSL's theory is called into question by this literature, as well as by other logical inconsistencies. We conclude by emphasizing how much remains unknown about sanction perception updating, hot spots policing, and heuristics and biases in offender decision making. Policy Implications Our central argument is that NSL's (2015) policy recommendations are premature given that their theoretical model is inconsistent with existing evidence. Pending a better understanding of sanction perceptions, we suggest putting aside dictates for how police should best deter offenders and about what constitutes credible deterrence research. Rather, both policy makers and researchers should prioritize efforts to identify the sources of sanction perceptions, while taking seriously the possibility that such perceptions may, in part, be intuitive judgments influenced by well‐known cognitive heuristics.

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On the Deterrent Effect of Stop, Question, and Frisk

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Idealizations and ideal policing

Idealizations and ideal policing

The stop and search of minors: A ‘vital police tool’?

Arrested Development

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