On the dynamical ferromagnetic, quantum Hall, and relativistic effects on the carbon nanotubes nucleation and growth mechanism

Abstract

The mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNT) nucleation and growth has been under investigation for 15 years, since the discovery of this most explored material of the 20th century. Prior models have attempted the extension of classical transport mechanisms used to explain the older, bigger, micron-sized filamentous carbon formations. In July 2000, a more thorough, detailed, nonclassical, and relativistic mechanism was formulated considering the detailed dynamics of the electronics of relativistic spin and rehybridization dynamics between the carbon and the catalyst via novel mesoscopic phenomena driven by intrinsic dynamical ferromagnetic fields by spin currents and spin waves of the catalyst for activating catalytically stimulated, synchronized, orchestrated, simultaneous, and coherent hydrocarbon decomposition, adsorption, absorption, transport, electronic subshell rehybridization by spin mechanics, and multi-atomic bond rearrangements for the nucleation and growth of the CNT. In this dynamical magnetic mechanism, quantum Hall effects and relativistic Dirac spin effects of intense many body spin-orbital interactions for novel orbital hybrid dynamics (the Little Effect) were proposed due to the mesoscopic size of the system. The formulation of this dynamical ferromagnetic mechanism naturally led to the first realization and explanation of a physical basis for ferromagnetic nanocarbon. This discovered ferromagnetism of the carbon and the forming CNT intermediates facilitates the coupling of the CNT to the ferrocatalyst for the spin currents and spin waves of the catalyst to organize and synchronize the 12 steps for the nucleation and growth processes of the CNT. Here, this dynamical ferromagnetic mechanism of CNT formation via spin currents and spin waves is proven by imposing both an external static magnetic field via the bore of a strong DC magnet and an external dynamic magnetic field via intense radio frequency electromagnetic radiation for influencing the proposed spin currents and spin waves for the observations of the static magnetic field's hindrance on the CNT formation and the dynamic magnetic field's enhancement and selectivity of CNT nucleation and growth. r

Catalytic Conversion of Graphene into Carbon Nanotubes via Gold Nanoclusters at Low Temperatures

“…The presence of the electromagnetic RF fields, of a 350 kHz frequency, is believed to be responsible for a better catalytic conversion of the carbon atoms into graphitic structures, with an enhanced quality and efficiency. We have previously seen differences in the morphological properties of the nanotubes, such as diameter and crystallinity, when synthesized in a conventional thermal furnace or in the RF generator. , Nonetheless, it is important to affirm that the catalytic conversion occurs under different heating methods (inductive or resistive thermal heating). We are currently investigating this phenomenon to further understand the growth mechanism of CNTs in the electrical furnace and the RF generator.…”

Surface area and thermal stability effect of the MgO supported catalysts for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes

“…Carbon nanotubes were synthesized over the Fe-Co/MgO catalyst using the RF-CCVD method 19 and methane as the carbon sources. The RF inductive heating was performed using a RF generator operated at radio frequency of 365 kHz.…”

“…The UV-Vis-NIR results were therefore in excellent agreement with the Raman and TEM analysis results. 130CNTs exhibited peaks dominating in the 1000 nm wavelength region corresponding to larger diameter single wall carbon nanotubes (from 1.6-1.7 nm), such as (19,3) in the second van Hove transition wavelength 1033 nm and (14, 10) at the 1078 nm wavelength. Additionally, there were observed smaller diameter CNTs (0.75 nm), such as (6, 5) and (9, 1) nanotubes which correspond to S11 at wavelength of 984 nm and 923 nm.…”

Graphitic Materials for RF Thermal Ablation of Tumors

“…For both types of nanoparticles, although at different rates, the localized RF heating provided by the nanoparticles is believed to be responsible for the cell accelerated apoptotic process and consequently cellular decomposition. The RF electromagnetic radiation is believed to induce skin currents (heat) especially into the C-Co-NPs and increases their temperature due to Ohmic effects [23,24]. For the medium solution the temperature was found to remain almost constant (from room temperature to 25 °C) with increasing the concentration of C-Co-NPs.…”