“…Pre-(1960Pre-( -1990) and (1991-2014) post-structural economic reform experiences in India analysed by wavelet analysis of frequency-based causality suggest that stock returns are not connected to inflation across various investment periods lending support to stocks as instruments of hedge against inflation (Bhanja et al, 2019). However, monthly data from 1994M5 to 2014M11, analysed by spectral and wavelet techniques, did not portray substantial pro-cyclical inflation-stock returns linkages, depicting stock returns as inadequate inflation hedge in India (Bhandari et al, 2018), in addition to non-decisive evidence of inflation hedge of stocks in South Africa (van Rooyen et al, 2019). Moreover, Tiwari et al's (2019) wavelet analysis of the UK, the US, India and South Africa's inflation-stock returns links confirms frequencies and periods links, but abandons stock returns as an inflation hedge, whereas the example Islamic stock returns portrayed in Haniff et al (2018) confirms them for shorter investment periods, i.e., those not exceeding 3 years, the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Emas Shariah Index, as constituent returns can be used as an inflation hedge, while investment periods exceeding 3 years are detrimental to investment returns.…”